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Numerics abs acos acosf acosh acoshf acoshl acosl asin asinf asinh asinhf asinhl asinl atan atan2 atan2f atan2l atanf atanh atanhf atanhl atanl cabs cabsf cabsl cacos cacosf cacosh cacoshf cacoshl cacosl carg cargf cargl casin casinf casinh casinhf casinhl casinl catan catanf catanh catanhf catanhl catanl cbrt cbrtf cbrtl ccos ccosf ccosh ccoshf ccoshl ccosl ceil ceilf ceill cexp cexpf cexpl cimag cimagf cimagl clog clogf clogl CMPLX CMPLXF CMPLXL Common mathematical functions complex Complex number arithmetic conj conjf conjl copysign copysignf copysignl cos cosf cosh coshf coshl cosl cpow cpowf cpowl cproj cprojf cprojl creal crealf creall csin csinf csinh csinhf csinhl csinl csqrt csqrtf csqrtl ctan ctanf ctanh ctanhf ctanhl ctanl div double_t erf erfc erfcf erfcl erff erfl exp exp2 exp2f exp2l expf expl expm1 expm1f expm1l fabs fabsf fabsl fdim feclearexcept fegetenv fegetexceptflag fegetround feholdexcept feraiseexcept fesetenv fesetexceptflag fesetround fetestexcept feupdateenv FE_ALL_EXCEPT FE_DFL_ENV FE_DIVBYZERO FE_DOWNWARD FE_INEXACT FE_INVALID FE_OVERFLOW FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO FE_UNDERFLOW FE_UPWARD Floating-point environment float_t floor floorf floorl fma fmaf fmal fmax fmaxf fmaxl fmin fminf fminl fmod fmodf fmodl fpclassify FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO frexp frexpf frexpl HUGE_VAL HUGE_VALF HUGE_VALL hypot hypotf hypotl I ilogb ilogbf ilogbl imaginary imaxabs imaxdiv INFINITY isfinite isgreater isgreaterequal isinf isless islessequal islessgreater isnan isnormal isunordered labs ldexp ldexpf ldexpl ldiv lgamma lgammaf lgammal llabs lldiv llrint llrintf llrintl llround llroundf llroundl log log10 log10f log10l log1p log1pf log1pl log2 log2f log2l logb logbf logbl logf logl lrint lrintf lrintl lround lroundf lroundl MATH_ERREXCEPT math_errhandling MATH_ERRNO modf modff modfl nan NAN nanf nanl nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nextafter nextafterf nextafterl nexttoward nexttowardf nexttowardl Numerics pow powf powl Pseudo-random number generation rand RAND_MAX remainder remainderf remainderl remquo remquof remquol rint rintf rintl round roundf roundl scalbln scalblnf scalblnl scalbn scalbnf scalbnl signbit sin sinf sinh sinhf sinhl sinl sqrt sqrtf sqrtl srand tan tanf tanh tanhf tanhl tanl tgamma tgammaf tgammal trunc truncf truncl Type-generic math _Complex_I _Imaginary_I Program support abort atexit at_quick_exit exit EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS getenv getenv_s jmp_buf longjmp Program support utilities quick_exit raise setjmp SIGABRT SIGFPE SIGILL SIGINT signal SIGSEGV SIGTERM sig_atomic_t SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN system _Exit Strings atof atoi atol atoll btowc c16rtomb c32rtomb char16_t char32_t isalnum isalpha isblank iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint ispunct isspace isupper iswalnum iswalpha iswblank iswcntrl iswctype iswdigit iswgraph iswlower iswprint iswpunct iswspace iswupper iswxdigit isxdigit mblen mbrlen mbrtoc16 mbrtoc32 mbrtowc mbsinit mbsrtowcs mbsrtowcs_s mbstate_t mbstowcs mbstowcs_s mbtowc memchr memcmp memcpy memcpy_s memmove memmove_s memset memset_s Null-terminated byte strings Null-terminated multibyte strings Null-terminated wide strings strcat strcat_s strchr strcmp strcoll strcpy strcpy_s strcspn strerror strerrorlen_s strerror_s Strings library strlen strncat Thread support call_once cnd_broadcast cnd_destroy cnd_init cnd_signal cnd_timedwait cnd_wait mtx_destroy mtx_init mtx_lock mtx_plain mtx_recursive mtx_timed mtx_timedlock mtx_trylock mtx_unlock once_flag ONCE_FLAG_INIT thrd_busy thrd_create thrd_current thrd_detach thrd_equal thrd_error thrd_exit thrd_join thrd_nomem thrd_sleep thrd_success thrd_timedout thrd_yield Thread support library thread_local tss_create tss_delete TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS tss_get tss_set Type support Boolean type support library Fixed width integer types FLT_EVAL_METHOD FLT_ROUNDS max_align_t NULL Numeric limits offsetof ptrdiff_t size_t Type support Variadic functions Variadic functions va_arg va_copy va_end va_list va_start
characters

(有关大多数内置类型的细节以及由C库提供的与类型相关的实用程序的列表,另请参阅算术类型)。

对象,函数和表达式都有一个名为type的属性,它决定了存储在对象中或由表达式求值的二进制值的解释。

类型分类

C型系统由以下类型组成:

  • 方式void

  • 基本类型

  • 方式char

  • 有符号整数类型

    • 标准:signed charshortintlonglong long(因为C99)

    • 扩展:定义的实现,例如__int128

  • 无符号整数类型

    • 标准:_Bool(自C99), , ,unsigned char,,unsigned short( 因为C99)unsigned intunsigned longunsigned long long

    • 扩展:实现定义,例如__uint128

  • 浮动类型

    • 真正的浮点类型:floatdoublelong double

    • 复杂类型:float _Complexdouble _Complexlong double _Complex

    • 虚类型:float _Imaginarydouble _Imaginarylong double _Imaginary

  • 枚举类型

  • 派生类型

    • 数组类型

    • 结构类型

    • 工会类型

    • 函数类型

    • 指针类型

    • 原子类型

对于上面列出的每种类型,可能存在几种其类型的合格版本,对应于const,volatile和restrict限定符(限定符语义所允许的)中的一个,两个或全部三个的组合。

类型组

  • 对象类型:不是函数类型的所有类型

  • 字符类型charsigned charunsigned char

  • 整数类型char,有符号整数类型,无符号整数类型,枚举类型

  • 实际类型:整数类型和实际浮动类型

  • 算术类型:整数类型和浮点类型

  • 标量类型:算术类型和指针类型

  • 聚合类型:数组类型和结构类型

  • 派生的声明器类型:数组类型,函数类型和指针类型

兼容的类型

在C程序中,引用不同翻译单元中相同对象或函数的声明不必使用相同的类型。他们只需使用足够类似的类型,正式称为兼容类型。同样适用于函数调用和左值访问; 参数类型必须与参数类型兼容,并且左值表达式类型必须与所访问的对象类型兼容

类型TU兼容。

  • 它们是相同的类型(由typedef引入的同名或别名)

  • 它们是兼容的不合格类型的相同cvr合格版本

  • 它们是指针类型,并指向兼容的类型

  • 他们是数组类型,并且

    • 他们的元素类型是兼容的,并且

    • 如果两者都具有恒定的大小,那么大小是相同的。注意:未知边界的数组与兼容元素类型的任何数组兼容。VLA与任何兼容元素类型的阵列兼容。(自C99以来)

  • 它们都是结构/联合/枚举类型,并且

  • (C99)如果用标签声明了一个,另一个也必须用相同的标签声明。

  • 如果两者都是完整类型,则它们的成员必须完全对应数量,使用兼容类型声明并具有匹配的名称。

  • 另外,如果它们是枚举,相应的成员也必须具有相同的值。

  • 另外,如果他们是结构或工会,

    • 相应的成员必须以相同的顺序进行声明(仅限结构)

    • 相应的位域必须具有相同的宽度。

  • 一个是枚举类型,另一个是枚举的基础类型

  • 他们是功能类型,和

    • 他们的返回类型是兼容的

    • 它们都使用参数列表,参数的数量(包括使用省略号)是相同的,相应的参数具有兼容的类型

    • 一个是旧样式(无参数)定义,另一个具有参数列表,参数列表不使用省略号,每个参数在缺省参数后都与相应的旧式参数兼容(在函数参数类型调整后)促销

    • 一个是旧式(无参数)声明,另一个是参数列表,参数列表不使用省略号,所有参数(函数参数类型调整后)不受默认参数促销影响

该类型char不兼容signed char且不兼容unsigned char

如果两个声明引用相同的对象或函数并且不使用兼容的类型,则程序的行为是未定义的。

// Translation Unit 1struct S {int a;};extern struct S *x; // compatible with TU2's x, but not with TU3's x// Translation Unit 2struct S;extern struct S *x; // compatible with both x's// Translation Unit 3struct S {float a;};extern struct S *x; // compatible with TU2's x, but not with TU1's x // the behavior is undefined
// Translation Unit 1#include struct s {int i;}; // compatible with TU3's s, but not TU2'sextern struct s x = {0}; // compatible with TU3's xextern void f(void); // compatible with TU2's fint main(){ f(); return x.i;}// Translation Unit 2struct s {float f;}; // compatible with TU4's s, but not TU1's sextern struct s y = {3.14}; // compatible with TU4's yvoid f() // compatible with TU1's f{ return;}// Translation Unit 3struct s {int i;}; // compatible with TU1's s, but not TU2's sextern struct s x; // compatible with TU1's x// Translation Unit 4struct s {float f;}; // compatible with TU2's s, but not TU1's sextern struct s y; // compatible iwth TU2's y // the behavior is well-defined: only multiple declarations// of objects and functions must have compatible types, not the types themselves

注意:C ++没有兼容类型的概念。声明在不同翻译单元中兼容但不相同的两种类型的AC程序不是有效的C ++程序。

复合类型

不完整的类型

不完整的类型是一种对象类型,缺少足够的信息来确定该类型对象的大小。不完整的类型可能会在翻译单元的某个位置完成。

以下类型不完整:

  • 类型void。这种类型无法完成。

  • 未知大小的数组类型。它可以通过稍后声明指定大小来完成。

  • 未知内容的结构或联合类型。它可以通过相同结构或联合的声明来完成,该声明稍后在相同范围内定义其内容。

键入名称

类型可能必须在声明之外的上下文中命名。在这些情况下,使用类型名称,在语法上,它与类型说明符类型限定符列表完全相同,后面跟着声明符(参见声明),就像用来声明单个对象或函数一样类型,除了标识符被省略:

int n; // declaration of an intsizeof(int); // use of type name int *a[3]; // declaration of an array of 3 pointers to intsizeof(int *[3]); // use of type name int (*p)[3]; // declaration of a pointer to array of 3 intsizeof(int (*)[3]); // use of type name int (*a)[*] // declaration of pointer to VLA (in a function parameter)sizeof(int (*)[*]) // use of type name (in a function parameter) int *f(void); // declaration of functionsizeof(int *(void)); // use of type name int (*p)(void); // declaration of pointer to functionsizeof(int (*)(void)); // use of type name int (*const a[])(unsigned int, ...) = {0}; // array of pointers to functionssizeof(int (*const [])(unsigned int, ...)); // use of type name

除了标识符周围的多余括号在类型名称中有意义并且代表“没有参数规范的函数”:

int (n); // declares n of type intsizeof(int ()); // uses type "function returning int"

类型名称用于以下情况:

  • cast

  • sizeof

复合文字

(自C99以来)

通用选择alignof alignas _Atomic(当用作类型说明符时)

(自C11以来)

  • 复合文字

(since C99)

  • generic selection

  • alignof

  • alignas

  • _Atomic (when used as a type specifier)

(since C11)

类型名称可能会引入新类型:

void* p = (void*)(struct X {int i;} *)0;// type name "struct X {int i;}*" used in the cast expression// introduces the new type "struct X"struct X x = {1}; // struct X is now in scope

参考

  • C11标准(ISO / IEC 9899:2011):

    • 6.2.5类型(p:39-43)

    • 6.2.6类型的表示(p:44-46)

    • 6.2.7兼容型和复合型(p:47-48)

  • C99标准(ISO / IEC 9899:1999):

    • 6.2.5类型(p:33-37)

    • 6.2.6类型的表示(p:37-40)

    • 6.2.7兼容型和复合型(p:40-41)

  • C89 / C90标准(ISO / IEC 9899:1990):

    • 3.1.2.5类型

    • 3.1.2.6兼容类型和复合类型

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