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AlgorithmsAlgorithms(算法)bsearchbsearch_sqsortqsort_sAtomic operationsAtomic operations library(原子操作库)ATOMIC_*_LOCK_FREEatomic_compare_exchange_strongatomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicitatomic_compare_exchange_weakatomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicitatomic_exchangeatomic_exchange_explicitatomic_fetch_addatomic_fetch_add_explicitatomic_fetch_andatomic_fetch_and_explicitatomic_fetch_oratomic_fetch_or_explicitatomic_fetch_subatomic_fetch_sub_explicitatomic_fetch_xoratomic_fetch_xor_explicitatomic_flagatomic_flag_clearatomic_flag_clear_explicitATOMIC_FLAG_INITatomic_flag_test_and_setatomic_flag_test_and_set_explicitatomic_initatomic_is_lock_freeatomic_loadatomic_load_explicitatomic_signal_fenceatomic_storeatomic_store_explicitatomic_thread_fence(线程围栏)ATOMIC_VAR_INITkill_dependencymemory_order(内存排序)C keywordsauto(自动存储)break(跳出循环)C keywords(关键词)casecharconst(常量修饰符)continuedefault(预设运算式)dodouble(双精度浮点型)elseenum(枚举类型)extern(全局变量)float(浮点数)forfortrangoto(goto语句)if(if语句)inline(行内函式)intlong(长整型)register(寄存器变量)restrict( restrict类型限定符)returnshortsignedsizeof(sizeof运算符)static(静态变量)struct(结构体)switch(switch语句)typedef(typedef关键字)union(联合体)unsigned(无符号)void(空类型)volatile(volatile变量)while(while语句)_Alignas_Alignof_Atomic_Bool_Complex_Generic_Imaginary_Noreturn_Static_assert_Thread_localC language#define directive#elif directive#else directive#endif directive#error directive#if directive#ifdef directive#ifndef directive#include directive#line directive#pragma directivealignas(对齐指定符)Alternative operators and tokens(替代运算符和令牌)AnalyzabilityArithmetic operatorsArithmetic typesArray declaration(数组声明)Array initialization(阵列初始化)ASCII ChartAssignment operators(赋值运算符)types(atomic类型限定符)Basic conceptsBit fields(位域)break statementC languageC Operator Precedencecast operatorcharacter constant(字符字面量)Comments(注释符)Comparison 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supportsetlocaleNumericsabsacosacosfacoshacoshfacoshlacoslasinasinfasinhasinhfasinhlasinlatanatan2atan2fatan2latanfatanhatanhfatanhlatanlcabscabsfcabslcacoscacosfcacoshcacoshfcacoshlcacoslcargcargfcarglcasincasinfcasinhcasinhfcasinhlcasinlcatancatanfcatanhcatanhfcatanhlcatanlcbrtcbrtfcbrtlccosccosfccoshccoshfccoshlccoslceilceilfceillcexpcexpfcexplcimagcimagfcimaglclogclogfcloglCMPLXCMPLXFCMPLXLCommon mathematical functionscomplexComplex number arithmeticconjconjfconjlcopysigncopysignfcopysignlcoscosfcoshcoshfcoshlcoslcpowcpowfcpowlcprojcprojfcprojlcrealcrealfcreallcsincsinfcsinhcsinhfcsinhlcsinlcsqrtcsqrtfcsqrtlctanctanfctanhctanhfctanhlctanldivdouble_terferfcerfcferfclerfferflexpexp2exp2fexp2lexpfexplexpm1expm1fexpm1lfabsfabsffabslfdimfeclearexceptfegetenvfegetexceptflagfegetroundfeholdexceptferaiseexceptfesetenvfesetexceptflagfesetroundfetestexceptfeupdateenvFE_ALL_EXCEPTFE_DFL_ENVFE_DIVBYZEROFE_DOWNWARDFE_INEXACTFE_INVALIDFE_OVERFLOWFE_TONEARESTFE_TOWARDZEROFE_UNDERFLOWFE_UPWARDFloating-point environmentfloat_tfloorfloorffloorlfmafmaffmalfmaxfmaxffmaxlfminfminffminlfmodfmodffmodlfpclassifyFP_INFINITEFP_NANFP_NORMALFP_SUBNORMALFP_ZEROfrexpfrexpffrexplHUGE_VALHUGE_VALFHUGE_VALLhypothypotfhypotlIilogbilogbfilogblimaginaryimaxabsimaxdivINFINITYisfiniteisgreaterisgreaterequalisinfislessislessequalislessgreaterisnanisnormalisunorderedlabsldexpldexpfldexplldivlgammalgammaflgammalllabslldivllrintllrintfllrintlllroundllroundfllroundlloglog10log10flog10llog1plog1pflog1pllog2log2flog2llogblogbflogbllogflogllrintlrintflrintllroundlroundflroundlMATH_ERREXCEPTmath_errhandlingMATH_ERRNOmodfmodffmodflnanNANnanfnanlnearbyintnearbyintfnearbyintlnextafternextafterfnextafterlnexttowardnexttowardfnexttowardlNumericspowpowfpowlPseudo-random number generationrandRAND_MAXremainderremainderfremainderlremquoremquofremquolrintrintfrintlroundroundfroundlscalblnscalblnfscalblnlscalbnscalbnfscalbnlsignbitsinsinfsinhsinhfsinhlsinlsqrtsqrtfsqrtlsrandtantanftanhtanhftanhltanltgammatgammaftgammaltrunctruncftrunclType-generic math_Complex_I_Imaginary_IProgram supportabortatexitat_quick_exitexitEXIT_FAILUREEXIT_SUCCESSgetenvgetenv_sjmp_buflongjmpProgram support utilitiesquick_exitraisesetjmpSIGABRTSIGFPESIGILLSIGINTsignalSIGSEGVSIGTERMsig_atomic_tSIG_DFLSIG_ERRSIG_IGNsystem_ExitStringsatofatoiatolatollbtowcc16rtombc32rtombchar16_tchar32_tisalnumisalphaisblankiscntrlisdigitisgraphislowerisprintispunctisspaceisupperiswalnumiswalphaiswblankiswcntrliswctypeiswdigitiswgraphiswloweriswprintiswpunctiswspaceiswupperiswxdigitisxdigitmblenmbrlenmbrtoc16mbrtoc32mbrtowcmbsinitmbsrtowcsmbsrtowcs_smbstate_tmbstowcsmbstowcs_smbtowcmemchrmemcmpmemcpymemcpy_smemmovememmove_smemsetmemset_sNull-terminated byte stringsNull-terminated multibyte stringsNull-terminated wide stringsstrcatstrcat_sstrchrstrcmpstrcollstrcpystrcpy_sstrcspnstrerrorstrerrorlen_sstrerror_sStrings librarystrlenstrncatThread supportcall_oncecnd_broadcastcnd_destroycnd_initcnd_signalcnd_timedwaitcnd_waitmtx_destroymtx_initmtx_lockmtx_plainmtx_recursivemtx_timedmtx_timedlockmtx_trylockmtx_unlockonce_flagONCE_FLAG_INITthrd_busythrd_createthrd_currentthrd_detachthrd_equalthrd_errorthrd_exitthrd_jointhrd_nomemthrd_sleepthrd_successthrd_timedoutthrd_yieldThread support librarythread_localtss_createtss_deleteTSS_DTOR_ITERATIONStss_gettss_setType supportBoolean type support libraryFixed width integer typesFLT_EVAL_METHODFLT_ROUNDSmax_align_tNULLNumeric limitsoffsetofptrdiff_tsize_tType supportVariadic functionsVariadic functionsva_argva_copyva_endva_listva_start
文字

几种表达式被称为常量表达式。

预处理器常量表达式

#if 或 #elif 后面的表达式必须扩展为。

  • 除赋值,增量,减量,函数调用或逗号之外的其他操作符,其参数是预处理常量表达式

  • 整数常量

  • 字符常量

  • 特殊的预处理器操作员 defined

当在#if表达式中计算字符常量时,可以在源字符集,执行字符集或其他一些实现定义的字符集中解释字符常量。

Integer arithmetic in #if-expressions is performed using the semantics of intmax_t for signed types and uintmax_t for unsigned types.

(since C99)

整数常量表达式

一个整型常量表达式是表达式。

  • 除赋值,递增,递减,函数调用或逗号以外的其他操作符,除了转换操作符只能将算术类型转换为整数类型

  • 整数常量

  • 枚举常量

  • 字符常量

  • 浮点型常量,但前提是它们立即用作转换为整数类型的操作数

  • 操作数不是VLA的操作符的大小(自C99起)

_Alignof operators

(since C11)

  • _Alignof operators

(since C11)

整数常量表达式在编译时进行评估。以下上下文需要称为整型常量表达式的表达式':

  • 位字段的大小。

  • 枚举常量的值

  • caseswitch语句的标签

  • 非VLA(自C99以来)阵列的大小

  • 整数指针隐式转换。

The index in an array designator

(since C99)

  • 数组指示符中的索引

(since C99)

The first argument of _Static_assert   The integer argument of _Alignas

(since C11)

  • 第一个论点 _Static_assert

  • 整数参数 _Alignas

(since C11)

静态初始化器

在具有 static 和 thread_local 存储持续时间的对象的初始化器中使用的表达式必须是可能是以下某个表达式的表达式。

1)算术常数表达式,它是由任意算术类型组成的表达式

  • 除赋值,增量,减量,函数调用或逗号以外的其他操作符,除了转换操作符必须将算术类型转换为其他算术类型

  • 整数常量

  • 浮点常量

  • 枚举常量

  • 字符常量

  • 操作数不是VLA的操作符的大小(自C99起)

_Alignof operators

(since C11)

  • _Alignof 操作符

(since C11)

2)空指针常量 NULL

3)地址常量表达式,这是

  • 一个空指针

  • 左值指定一个静态存储持续时间的对象或一个函数指示符,并转换为指针

    • 通过使用一元地址运算符

    • 通过将一个整型常量转换为一个指针

    • 通过数组到指针或函数到指针的隐式转换

4)地址常量表达一些完整的对象类型,加或减一个整型常量表达式

与整型常量表达式不同,静态初始化表达式不需要在编译时进行评估; 编译器可以自由地将这些初始化程序转换为在程序启动之前调用的可执行代码。

static int i = 2 || 1 / 0; // initializes i to value 1

浮点静态初始化器的值永远不会比在运行时执行的相同表达式的值精确,但它可能会更好。

浮点常量表达式

在静态初始化器中未使用的浮点类型的算术常量表达式总是在运行时期间评估为 - 如果受到当前四舍五入的影响(如果 FENV_ACCESS处于打开状态)并报告 math_errhandling 中指定的错误。

void f(void){#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON    static float x = 0.0/0.0; // static initializer: does not raise an exception
    float w[] = { 0.0/0.0 }; // raises an exception
    float y = 0.0/0.0; // raises an exception
    double z = 0.0/0.0; // raises an exception}

注意

如果一个表达式的计算结果不能用它的类型表示,那么它就不能用作常量表达式。

参考

  • C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

    • 6.6 Constant expressions (p: 106-107)

  • C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

    • 6.6 Constant expressions (p: 95-96)

  • C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

    • 3.4 CONSTANT EXPRESSIONS

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