[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?-CSS Tutorial-php.cn

This article will take you to play with CSS and share some advanced CSS skills. Come and see if you know it!

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

Learning Objectives

Be able to use sprites
Be able to use font icons
Able to write CSS Triangle
Able to write common CSS User interface styles
Able to describe common layout techniques

Sprites

1. Why do we need sprites?

When the client wants to access a web page, the browser will send a request to the server. After the server receives the request, it will return the request page to the client

A web page Many small background images are often used as decorations. When there are too many images in the web page, the server will frequently receive and send request images, causing excessive server request pressure, which will greatly reduce the loading speed of the page

Therefore, in order to effectively reduce the number of times the server receives and sends requests and improve the page loading speed , CSS Elf technology (also known as CSS Sprites, CSS Sprite). [Learning video sharing: css video tutorial, web front-end]

Core principle: Integrate some small background images in the web page into one large image , so that the server only needs one request

2. Use of sprite chart

Use sprite chart core:

Elf technology is mainly used for background images, which is to integrate multiple small background images into one large image
This large image is also called sprites Sprite or Sprite image
Move the background image position, you can use background-position
The moving distance is the x and y coordinates of the target image. Note that the coordinates on the web page are different
Because it usually moves up and to the left, the value is a negative value
When using sprites, you need to measure accurately. The size of each small background image and Location

On the official website of King of Glory, we can find such a sprite map

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

How to display this sprite map What about the specific part

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>精灵图的使用</title>
    <style>
        .box1 {
            width: 60px;
            height: 60px;
            margin: 100px auto;
            background: url(images/index.png) no-repeat -182px 0;
        }

        .box2 {
            width: 27px;
            height: 25px;
            margin: 200px;
            background: url(images/index.png) no-repeat -155px -106px;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div></div>
    <div></div>
</body>

</html>

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Run result:

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

##3. Sprite chart application case

The material is here

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know? ##Code implementation:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>利用精灵图拼出自己的名字</title>
    <style>
        span {
            display: inline-block;
            background: url(images/abcd.jpg) no-repeat;
        }

        .c {
            width: 109px;
            height: 110px;
            background-position: -237px -8px;
        }

        .z {
            width: 113px;
            height: 112px;
            background-position: -479px -557px;
        }

        .r {
            width: 110px;
            height: 109px;
            background-position: -139px -415px;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <span></span>
    <span></span>
    <span></span>
</body>

</html>

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Running result:

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know? How about it, go and try it out

Font icon

1. Generation of font iconThe circles in the picture below are font icons, not pictures.

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know? Usage scenarios of font icons: mainly used to display common and commonly used in web pages Some small icons

Sprite pictures have many advantages, but the shortcomings are also obvious

iconfont

The font icon can provide front-end engineers with a convenient and efficient way to use icons.

displays icons, which essentially belong to the font

2. Advantages of font icons

Lightweight: A font icon is smaller than a series of images. Once the font Once loaded, the icon will be rendered immediately, reducing server requests

Flexibility: The essence is actually text, and you can change the color, generate shadows, transparency effects, rotate, etc.
Compatibility: Supports almost all browsers, please feel free to use it

Summary:

如果遇到一些结构和样式比较简单的小图标，就用字体图标
如果遇到一些结构和样式复杂一点的小图片，就用精灵图

3. 下载字体图标

字体图标是一些网页常见的小图标，我们直接从网上下载即可，使用可以分为：

字体图标的下载
字体图标的引入（引入到我们 html 页面中）
字体图标的追加（以后添加新的小图标）

推荐的下载网站：

icomoon 字库
IcoMoon 成立于 2011 年，推出了第一个自定义图标字体生成器，它允许用户选择所需要的图标，使它们呈一字型。该字库内容种类繁多，非常全面，唯一的遗憾是国外服务器，打开网速较慢
iconfont 字库
这个是阿里巴巴 M2UX 的一个 iconfont 字体图标字库，包含了淘宝图标库和阿里巴巴图标库，可以使用 AI 制作图表上传生成，重点是 —— 免费

拿 icomoon 字库 来说，基本操作如下

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

4. 引入字体图标

下载完毕之后，注意原先的文件不要删，后面会用

把下载包里面的 fonts 文件夹放入页面根目录下
在 CSS 样式中全局声明字体：简单理解为将这些字体文件通过 css 引入到我们页面中
一定要注意文件路径的问题

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?
我们用下面这一系列代码来声明字体，这段代码也可以在 style.css 中找到

@font-face {
  font-family: &#39;icomoon&#39;;
  src:  url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.eot?q42srk&#39;);
  src:  url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.eot?q42srk#iefix&#39;) format(&#39;embedded-opentype&#39;),
    url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.ttf?q42srk&#39;) format(&#39;truetype&#39;),
    url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.woff?q42srk&#39;) format(&#39;woff&#39;),
    url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.svg?q42srk#icomoon&#39;) format(&#39;svg&#39;);
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
  font-display: block;
}

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打开 demo.html 我们可以复制下载的图标

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>字体图标的使用</title>
    <style>
        /* 字体声明 */
        @font-face {
            font-family: &#39;icomoon&#39;;
            src: url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.eot?q42srk&#39;);
            src: url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.eot?q42srk#iefix&#39;) format(&#39;embedded-opentype&#39;),
                url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.ttf?q42srk&#39;) format(&#39;truetype&#39;),
                url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.woff?q42srk&#39;) format(&#39;woff&#39;),
                url(&#39;fonts/icomoon.svg?q42srk#icomoon&#39;) format(&#39;svg&#39;);
            font-weight: normal;
            font-style: normal;
            font-display: block;
        }

        span {
            /* 指定字体，和字体声明中一致 */
            font-family: &#39;icomoon&#39;;
            font-size: 100px;
            color: cyan;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <span></span>
    <span></span>
    <span></span>
</body>

</html>

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[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

5. 字体图标的追加

如果工作中，原来的字体图标不够用了，我们需要添加新的字体图标到原来的字体文件

把压缩包里面的 selection.json 重新上传，然后选中自己想要新的图标，重新下载压缩包，并替换原来的文件即可

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

CSS 三角

1. CSS三角制作

网页中常见一些三角形，使用 CSS 直接画出来就可以，不必做成图片或者字体图标

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>CSS三角制作</title>
    <style>
        .box1 {
            width: 0;
            height: 0;
            border: 10px solid;
            border-top-color: cyan;
            border-right-color: red;
            border-bottom-color: green;
            border-left-color: blue;
        }

        .box2 {
            width: 0;
            height: 0;
            border: 10px solid transparent;
            /* 要显示的一边改变颜色，其他边透明  */
            border-bottom-color: cyan;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div></div>
    <div></div>
</body>

</html>

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[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

2. CSS三角应用-京东效果

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>CSS三角应用</title>
    <style>
        .jd {
            position: relative;
            width: 120px;
            height: 249px;
            background-color: pink;
        }

        .jd span {
            position: absolute;
            right: 15px;
            top: -10px;
            width: 0;
            height: 0;
            /* 兼容低版本浏览器 */
            line-height: 0;
            font-size: 0;
            border: 5px solid transparent;
            border-bottom-color: pink;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
        <span></span>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

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[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

CSS 用户界面样式

1. 什么是界面样式

所谓的界面样式，就是更改一些用户操作样式，以便提供更好的用户体验

更改用户的鼠标样式
表单轮廓
防止表单域拖拽

2. 更换用户鼠标样式

li { cursor: pointer; }

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设置或检索在对象上移动的鼠标指针采用何种系统预定义的光标形状

属性值	描述
default	小白，默认
pointer	小手
move	移动
text	文本
not-allowed	禁止

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>鼠标样式</title>
</head>

<body>
    <ul>
        <li style="cursor: default;">我是鼠标默认样式</li>
        <li style="cursor: pointer;">我是鼠标小手样式</li>
        <li style="cursor: move;">我是鼠标移动样式</li>
        <li style="cursor: text;">我是鼠标文本样式</li>
        <li style="cursor: not-allowed;">我是鼠标禁止样式</li>
    </ul>
</body>

</html>

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3. 表单轮廓线

给表单添加 outline: 0; 或者 outline: none; 样式之后，就可以去掉默认的蓝色边框

4. 防止表单域拖拽

实际开发中，我们文本域右下角是不可以拖拽的

给文本域添加 resize: none; 样式之后，就可以防止被拖拽

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>去掉表单轮廓线和防止文本域拖拽</title>
    <style>
        input,
        textarea {
            outline: none;
        }

        textarea {
            resize: none;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <input type="text">
    <textarea name="" id="" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>
</body>

</html>

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[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

vertical-align 属性应用

CSS 的 vertical-align 属性使用场景：经常用于设置图片或者表单（行内块元素）和文字垂直对齐

功能：用于设置一个元素的垂直对齐方式，但是它只针对于行内元素或者行内块元素有效

语法：

vertical-align: baseline | top | middle | bottom

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值	描述
baseline	默认，元素放置在父元素的基线上
top	把元素的顶端于行中最高元素的顶端对齐
middle	把此元素放置在父元素的中部
bottom	把元素的顶端与行中最低的元素的顶端对齐

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>vertical-align</title>
    <style>
        img {
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <img src="images/math.png" alt="">一生之敌
</body>

</html>

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[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

1. 图片、表单和文字对齐

图片、表单都属于行内块元素，默认的 vertical-align 是基线对齐

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

此时可以给图片、表单这些行内块元素的 vertical-align 属性设置为 middle 就可以让文字和图片垂直居中对齐了

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

2. 解决图片底部默认白色间隙问题

bug：图片底侧会有一个空白间隙，原因是行内块元素会和文字的基线对齐

主要解决方法有两种：

给图片添加 vertical-align: middle | top | bottom; 等（推荐）
把图片转换为块级元素 display: block;

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>解决图片底部空白间隙</title>
    <style>
        div {
            border: 2px solid red;
        }

        img {
            vertical-align: bottom;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
        <img src="images/smile.jpg" alt="">
    </div>
</body>

</html>

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溢出的文字省略号显示

1. 单行文本溢出显示省略号——必须满足三个条件

/* 1.文字显示不开时强制显示 */
white-space: nowrap;
/* 2. 超出部分隐藏 */
overflow: hidden;
/* 3. 文字用省略号替代超出的部分 */
text-overflow: ellipsis;

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>单行文字溢出</title>
    <style>
        div {
            width: 150px;
            height: 80px;
            background-color: cyan;
            margin: 100px auto;
            /* 1.文字显示不开时强制显示 */
            white-space: nowrap;
            /* 2. 超出部分隐藏 */
            overflow: hidden;
            /* 3. 文字用省略号替代超出的部分 */
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
        衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴
    </div>
</body>

</html>

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2. 多行文本溢出显示省略号

多行文本溢出显示省略号，有较大兼容性问题，适合于 webKit 浏览器或者移动端（移动端大部分是 webKit 内核）

/* 弹性伸缩盒子模型显示 */
display: -webkit-box;
/* 限制在一个块元素显示的文本的行数 */
-webkit-line-clamp: 3;
/* 设置或检索伸缩盒子对象的子元素的排列方式 */
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>多行文字溢出</title>
    <style>
        div {
            width: 150px;
            height: 65px;
            background-color: cyan;
            margin: 100px auto;
            overflow: hidden;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            /* 弹性伸缩盒子模型显示 */
            display: -webkit-box;
            /* 限制在一个块元素显示的文本的行数 */
            -webkit-line-clamp: 3;
            /* 设置或检索伸缩盒子对象的子元素的排列方式 */
            -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
        衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴.衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴
    </div>
</body>

</html>

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更推荐让后台人员来做这个效果，因为后台人员可以设置显示多少个字，操作更简单

常见布局技巧

1. margin负值的运用一

让每个盒子 margin 往左侧移动 -1px 正好压住相邻盒子边框

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>margin负值的巧妙运用</title>
    <style>
        ul li {
            float: left;
            list-style: none;
            width: 150px;
            height: 200px;
            border: 1px solid cyan;
            margin-left: -1px;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <ul>
        <li>1</li>
        <li>2</li>
        <li>3</li>
        <li>4</li>
        <li>5</li>
    </ul>
</body>

</html>

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2. margin负值的运用二

鼠标经过某个盒子的时候，提高当前盒子的层级即可（如果没有定位，则加相对定位（保留位置），如果有定位，则加 z-index）

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>margin负值的巧妙运用</title>
    <style>
        ul li {
            float: left;
            list-style: none;
            width: 150px;
            height: 200px;
            border: 1px solid cyan;
            margin-left: -1px;
        }

        ul li:hover {
            /* 盒子没有定位时，加相对定位 */
            position: relative;
            /* 盒子有定位时，由于子绝父相无法添加相对定位 */
            z-index: 1;
            border: 1px solid red;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <ul>
        <li>1</li>
        <li>2</li>
        <li>3</li>
        <li>4</li>
        <li>5</li>
    </ul>
</body>

</html>

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3. 文字围绕浮动元素

类似于下图这样的效果，该怎么实现呢？

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>文字围绕浮动元素</title>
    <style>
        .box {
            width: 280px;
            height: 70px;
            margin: 100px auto;
        }

        .pic {
            float: left;
            width: 120px;
            height: 60px;
            margin-right: 10px;
        }

        .pic img {
            width: 100%;
            border-radius: 15px;
        }

        .box p {
            overflow: hidden;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            /* 弹性伸缩盒子模型显示 */
            display: -webkit-box;
            /* 限制在一个块元素显示的文本的行数 */
            -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
            /* 设置或检索伸缩盒子对象的子元素的排列方式 */
            -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
        <div>
            <img src="images/img.jpg" alt="">
        </div>
        <p>河南一景区爆火，风景优美物价低，吸引许多游客前来打卡</p>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

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4. 行内块的巧妙运用

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>行内块的巧妙运用</title>
    <style>
        * {
            margin: 0;
            padding: 0;
        }

        .box {
            text-align: center;
        }

        .box a {
            display: inline-block;
            width: 36px;
            height: 36px;
            background-color: #f7f7f7;
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
            text-align: center;
            line-height: 36px;
            text-decoration: none;
            color: #333;
        }

        .box .prev,
        .box .next {
            width: 85px;
        }

        .box .current,
        .box .elp {
            background-color: #fff;
            border: none;
        }

        .box input {
            width: 45px;
            height: 36px;
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
            outline: none;
        }

        .box button {
            width: 60px;
            height: 36px;
            background-color: #f7f7f7;
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
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        到第
        <input type="text">
        页
        <button>确定</button>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

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[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

5. CSS三角强化

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>CSS三角巧妙运用</title>
    <style>
        .price {
            width: 160px;
            height: 24px;
            border: 1px solid red;
            margin: 100px auto;
        }

        .miaosha {
            position: relative;
            float: left;
            width: 90px;
            height: 100%;
            background-color: red;
            text-align: center;
            color: #fff;
            font-weight: 700;
            margin-right: 8px;
        }

        .miaosha i {
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            right: 0;
            width: 0;
            height: 0;
            /* 1. 只保留右边的边框有颜色 */
            border-color: transparent #fff transparent transparent;
            /* 2. 样式都是solid */
            border-style: solid;
            /* 3. 上边框宽度要大，右边框宽度稍小，其余边框为0 */
            border-width: 24px 10px 0 0;
        }

        .origin {
            font-size: 12px;
            color: gray;
            text-decoration: line-through;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
        <span>
            ￥9.99
            <i></i>
        </span>
        <span>￥9999</span>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

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效果图：

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

CSS初始化

不同浏览器对有些标签的默认值是不同的，为了消除不同浏览器对 HTML 文本呈现的差异，照顾浏览器的兼容，我们需要对 CSS 进行初始化

简单理解：CSS 初始化是指重设浏览器的样式，也称为 CSS reset

每个网页都必须首先进行 CSS 初始化

这里我们以京东 CSS 初始化代码为例，打开京东商城源代码，找到其 CSS 代码

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

再找到初始化代码

[Summary] How many of these advanced CSS skills do you know?

我们来看一下它都做了些什么工作

/* 把所有标签的内外边距清零 */
* {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0
}

/* em 和 i 斜体的文字不倾斜 */
em,
i {
    font-style: normal
}

/* 去掉 li 的小圆点 */
li {
    list-style: none
}


img {
    /* border: 0 照顾低版本浏览器，如果图片外面包含了链接会有边框的问题 */
    border: 0;
    /* 取消图片底侧有空白缝隙的问题 */
    vertical-align: middle
}

button {
    /* 当我们鼠标经过button按钮的时候，鼠标变成小手 */
    cursor: pointer
}

a {
    color: #666;
    text-decoration: none
}

a:hover {
    color: #c81623
}

button,
input {
	/* "\5B8B\4F53" 就是宋体的意思 */
    font-family: Microsoft YaHei, Heiti SC, tahoma, arial, Hiragino Sans GB, "\5B8B\4F53", sans-serif
}

body {
    /* 抗锯齿性，让文字显示得更加清晰 */
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    background-color: #fff;
    font: 12px/1.5 Microsoft YaHei, Heiti SC, tahoma, arial, Hiragino Sans GB, "\5B8B\4F53", sans-serif;
    color: #666
}

.hide,
.none {
    display: none
}

.clearfix:after {
    visibility: hidden;
    clear: both;
    display: block;
    content: ".";
    height: 0
}

.clearfix {
    *zoom: 1
}

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Unicode 编码字体：

把中文字体的名称用相应的 Unicode 编码来代替，这样就可以有效地避免浏览器解释 CSS 代码时候出现乱码

比如：

黑体 \9ED1\4F53
宋体 \5B8B\4F53
微软雅黑 \5FAF\8F6F\96C5\9ED1

更多编程相关知识，请访问：编程视频！！

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