This article takes you to learn CSS media queries (Media Quires), introduces the syntax definition of media queries in detail, learns the usage skills of media queries from three specific layout examples, and introduces some scss and css attribute knowledge.

What is SCSS

#Sass: Sass Basics (sass-lang.com)

SCSS is CSS A preprocessor that is more powerful than regular CSS. [Recommended learning: css video tutorial]

You can nest selectors to better maintain and manage the code.
Various values can be stored in variables for easy reuse.
You can use Mixins to mix duplicate codes for easy reuse.

scss import html

Method 1 VSCODE plug-in

【 Recommended study: "vscode introductory tutorial"】

Method 2 manual compilation

npm install -g sass

sass input.scss output.css ::单次编译
sass --watch scss/index.scss css/index.css ::多次编译

<link> ::写在HTML里

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Possible problems

Refused to apply style from 'http://127.0.0.1:5500/CSS Media Queries/css/style.css' because its MIME type ('text/html') is not a supported stylesheet MIME type, and strict MIME checking is enabled.

Solution: 404 Not Found, the file address provided is incorrect.

CSS property background-size

contain;

The image aspect ratio remains unchanged, zoom to the image It can be fully displayed by itself, so the container will have a blank area

cover;

The image aspect ratio is not Change, covers the width and height of the entire container, and the excess part of the image will be cut off

##100%;

Picture aspect ratio

Change and scale it to the same size as the div width and height.

CSS Media Queries

CSS media queries allow you to create responsive websites for all screen sizes from desktop to mobile.

Grammar

Definition

@media screen and (max-width: 768px){
  .container{
   // 你的代码
  }
}

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Media query type, screen
Screen range covered, max-width: 768px
Change styles, Write styles here

In-depth

Media Query Statement

Media queries begin with the @media statement. The purpose is to tell the browser that we have specified a media query.

Media query type

print Printing device
screen Computer, tablet, mobile phone screen
speech Screen reader

@media screen

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Why should you add and

When buying something at KFC, you want fried chicken and burgers, these are two requirements.

Now you have identified a condition, the screen media query type. If you want to specify other conditions, for example, if you want to specify it within a certain screen range, you can use and to connect.

@media screen and (max-width : 768px) {
  .container{
     // 在screen媒体类型,屏幕宽度Skip query types<h3 id="跳过查询类型"></h3>You can just use min-width & max-width to skip media query types. <p></p><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">@media (min-width : 480px) and (max-width : 768px) {
  .container{
     // 在屏幕宽度为 480px 和 768px 之间这部分代码将被触发
  }
}

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Multiple condition requirements

When the conditions are greater than or equal to three, comma can be used to connect.

@media screen, (min-width : 480px) and (max-width : 768px) {
  .container{
     // 在screen媒体类型,屏幕宽度为 480px 和 768px 之间这部分代码将被触发
  }
}

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Screen breakpoint

Screen break-point (screen break-point) is used to specify the category of the screen width within a range. There is currently no standard screen breakpoint.

Learn to use, download case code

20220922162945_CSS media query.zip

学习使用①初入响应式

让我们试着写一个响应式页面。新建main.js、media.html、style.scss，即时编译并watch style.scss。

main.js

// 当改变窗口大小、窗口加载时触发 screen
window.onresize = screen;
window.onload = screen;

// 一个函数获取当前屏幕宽度并将内容设置在ID为size的元素上

function screen() {
  Width = window.innerWidth;
  document.getElementById("size").innerHTML 
   = "Width : " + Width + " px" 
}

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media.html

首先我们先建立一个media.html。然后导入刚刚写的main.js。导入style.css，是scss即时编译的css文件。

nbsp;html>


  <title></title>
  <meta>
  <meta>
  <link>
  <script></script>



  <div>
    <div>
      程序员勇往直前，当导入main.js后，这句话会被替换掉
    </div>
  </div>

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保存颜色变量

SCSS创建四个变量分别保存十六进制RGB

$color-1 : #cdb4db ; // 手机端
$color-2 : #fff1e6 ; // 平板端
$color-3 : #52b788 ; // 笔记本端
$color-4 : #bee1e6 ; // 台式大屏

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居中container元素

.container {

  display: grid;
  place-items: center;

  background-color: $color-1;
  height: 100vh;
}

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place-items 是 align-items 、 justify-items 的简写。

max-width 媒体查询

@media screen and (max-width : 500px) {
  .container {
    background-color: $color-1;
  }
}

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?当前完整scss代码

$color-1 : #cdb4db; // 手机端
$color-2 : #fff1e6; // 平板端
$color-3 : #52b788; // 笔记本端
$color-4 : #bee1e6; // 台式大屏

* {
  margin: 0px;
  padding: 0px;
  box-sizing: border-box;

  body {
    font-size: 35px;
    font-family: sans-serif;
  }
}

.container {
  //元素居中

  display: grid;
  place-items: center;

  background-color: $color-1;
  height: 100vh;
}

#size {
  position: absolute;

  top: 60%;
  left: 50%;

  transform: translateX(-50%);

  color: red;
  font-size: 35px;
}

.text {
  // 还没添加内容
}

.container {
  background-color: white;
  height: 100vh;
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
}


@media screen and (max-width : 500px) {
  .container {
    background-color: $color-1;
  }
}

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min-width 媒体查询

@media screen and (min-width : 500px){
  .container{
    background-color: $color-1;
  }
}

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与max-width相反。宽度>=500px时代码生效。

屏幕断点

根据四种类型，我们将有四个媒体查询。

给scss添加新的变量

$mobile : 576px;
$tablet : 768px;
$laptop : 992px;
$desktop : 1200px;

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添加一系列媒体查询

在添加媒体查询时，需要遵循正确的数据，从最大宽度到最小宽度。

@media screen and (max-width: $desktop){
  .container{
    background-color: $color-4;
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width: $laptop){
  .container{
    background-color: $color-3;
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width: $tablet){
  .container{
    background-color: $color-2;
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width : $mobile){
  .container{
    background-color: $color-1;
  }
}

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现在改变屏幕宽度将显示不同的背景颜色。

学习使用②响应式个人介绍

profile.html

nbsp;html>



  <title></title>
  <meta>
  <meta>



  <div>
    <div></div>
    <div>Lucyna Kushinada</div>
    <div>
      <div> Home </div>
      <div> Portfolio </div>
      <div> Contacts </div>
    </div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <div></div>
        <div>
            <div>Hello ?</div>
            <div>I'm <span>Lucy</span>
</div>
            <div>A Netrunner From</div>
            <div>Night City</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <the complete guide to css media queries qures>
      </the>
</div>
      <div>
        <the complete guide to css media queries qures>
      </the>
</div>
      <div>
        <the complete guide to css media queries qures>
      </the>
</div>
      <div>
        <the complete guide to css media queries qures>
      </the>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>

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profile.scss

scss需要编译成css再导入到html中，我们先修改全局默认样式。

* {
  margin: 0px 5px;

  padding: 0px;
  box-sizing: border-box;

  body {
    font-family: sans-serif;
  }
}

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如果你不会Flexbox属性请看我的Vue之旅、01 深入Flexbox布局完全指南 - 小能日记

先把所有样式类与子级结构写好。嵌套在样式类中的&__logo是.header__logo的快捷方式

.header{
  &__logo{}
  &__menu{}
}

.main{
  &__image{}
  &__text{}
}

.footer{
  [class ^="footer__"]{}
}

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然后添加样式，.container采用flex布局，按列布局。.header__menu也采用flex布局的方式。

.container{
  height: 100vh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.header{
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  border: 2px solid red;
  height: 10%;
    
  &__logo{}

  &__menu{
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
  }
}

.main{
  border: 2px solid black;
  height: 80%;
}

.footer{
  border: 2px solid green;
  height: 10%;
}

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我们修改 .header

.header {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  border: 2px solid red;
  height: 10%;
  // 元素垂直居中
  align-items: center;
  // 元素均匀分布
  justify-content: space-between;
  &__logo {
    font-size: 4vw;
  }

  &__menu {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    font-size: 2.5vw;
    // 让各个元素产生一定间隔距离
    gap: 15px;
  }
}

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再修改 .main

.main {
  // 图片和文字块排版会采用行形式
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;

  border: 2px solid black;
  height: 80%;

  &__image {
    // 添加图片
    background-image: url("./images/Portrait.jpg");
    // 宽度为main宽度的50%
    width: 50%;
    // 缩放至图片自身能完全显示出来，足够大的容器会有留白区域
    background-size: contain;
    // 不重复平铺图片
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: left center;
  }

  &__text {
    // 宽度为main宽度的50%
    width: 50%;
  }
}

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给文字加样式

  &__text {
    // 宽度为main一半宽度
    width: 50%;
    // 让每行字按列排列
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;

    // 居中
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;

    gap: 15px;

    &-1 {
      font-size: 10vw;
    }

    &-2,
    &-3,
    &-4 {
      font-size: 5vw;
    }
  }

  span {
    color: red;
  }
}

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接下来给图片添加样式

.footer{
  // 类匹配器,能够选择一个类的集合,如style class 为footer__1、footer__2
  [class^="footer__"] {
    The Complete Guide to CSS Media Queries (Media Qures) {
      width: 5.3vw;
    }
  }
}

.footer{
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;

  align-items: center;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  gap: 20px;

  margin-right: 10%;
}

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我们还需要添加媒体查询

@media (max-width: 650px) {
  .header {

    justify-content: center;

    &__logo {
      font-size: 40px;
    }

    // 隐藏menu
    &__menu {
      display: none;
    }
  }

  .main {
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;

    &__image {
      // 图片大小
      height: 200px;
      width: 200px;
      background-size: 100%;

      // 圆形图片
      border-radius: 100%;
      background-position: center;
      margin-bottom: 5%;
    }

    // 修改字体样式
    &__text {
      width: 100%;

      &-1 {
        // 让hello不显示
        display: none;
      }

      &-2,
      &-3,
      &-4 {
        font-size: 30px;
      }
    }
  }

  .footer {
    // 元素按中心对齐
    justify-content: center;
    margin: 0px;

    // gap: 20px;  注意这个没有改,默认还是生效的
    [class^="footer__"] {

      // 重新修改图片大小适应移动端
      The Complete Guide to CSS Media Queries (Media Qures) {
        width: 45px;
        height: 45px;
      }
    }
  }
}

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?当前完整scss代码

* {
  margin: 0px 5px;

  padding: 0px;
  box-sizing: border-box;

  body {
    font-family: sans-serif;
  }
}

.container {
  height: 100vh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.header {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  height: 10%;

  // 元素垂直居中
  align-items: center;
  // 元素均匀分布
  justify-content: space-between;

  &__logo {
    font-size: 4vw;
  }

  &__menu {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;

    font-size: 2.5vw;
    // 让各个元素产生一定间隔距离
    gap: 15px;
  }
}

.main {
  // 图片和文字块排版会采用行形式
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;

  height: 80%;

  &__image {
    // 添加图片
    background-image: url("./images/Portrait.png");
    // 宽度为main宽度的50%
    width: 50%;
    // 缩放至图片自身能完全显示出来，足够大的容器会有留白区域
    background-size: contain;
    // 不重复平铺图片
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: left center;
  }

  &__text {
    // 宽度为main一半宽度
    width: 50%;
    // 让每行字按列排列
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;

    // 居中
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;

    gap: 15px;

    &-1 {
      font-size: 6vw;
    }

    &-2,
    &-3,
    &-4 {
      font-size: 5vw;
    }
  }

  span {
    color: red;
  }
}

.footer {
  [class^="footer__"] {
    The Complete Guide to CSS Media Queries (Media Qures) {
      width: 5.3vw;
    }
  }
}

.footer {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;

  align-items: center;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  gap: 20px;

  margin-right: 10%;

  [class^="footer__"] {
    The Complete Guide to CSS Media Queries (Media Qures) {
      width: 5.3vw;
    }
  }
}

@media (max-width: 650px) {
  .header {

    justify-content: center;

    &__logo {
      font-size: 40px;
    }

    // 隐藏menu
    &__menu {
      display: none;
    }
  }

  .main {
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;

    &__image {
      // 图片大小
      height: 200px;
      width: 200px;
      background-size: 100%;

      // 圆形图片
      border-radius: 100%;
      background-position: center;
      margin-bottom: 5%;
    }

    // 修改字体样式
    &__text {
      width: 100%;

      &-1 {
        // 让hello不显示
        display: none;
      }

      &-2,
      &-3,
      &-4 {
        font-size: 30px;
      }
    }
  }

  .footer {
    // 元素按中心对齐
    justify-content: center;
    margin: 0px;

    // gap: 20px;  注意这个没有改,默认还是生效的
    [class^="footer__"] {

      // 重新修改图片大小适应移动端
      The Complete Guide to CSS Media Queries (Media Qures) {
        width: 45px;
        height: 45px;
      }
    }
  }
}

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学习使用③卡片布局

我们会用到第一个例子中的 main.js 函数来显示窗口宽度。

card.html

nbsp;html>



  <title></title>
  <meta>
  <meta>
  <link>
  <script></script>



  <div>
    <div>
      <div>A</div>
      <div>B</div>
      <div>C</div>
    </div>

    <div>
      <div>D</div>
      <div>E</div>
      <div>F</div>
    </div>

    <div>
      <div>G</div>
      <div>H</div>
      <div>I</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div></div>

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card.scss

* {
  margin: 0px;
  padding: 0px 10px;
  box-sizing: border-box;

  body {
    font-family: sans-serif;
    font-size: 55px;
  }
}

#size {
  position: absolute;
  // 设置为绝对定位
  top: 60%;
  left: 50%;
  // 水平居中
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  color: red;
  font-size: 40px;
}

.container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  height: 100vh;

  gap: 30px;
}

[class ^="row-"] {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  gap: 30px;
}

[class ^="box-"] {

  background-color: #c4c4c4;
  border: 2px solid black;

  width: (100%)/3;
  // 设置为当前视窗大小的三分之一
  height: (100vh)/3;

  // 元素居中
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
}

@media (max-width: 650px) {

  [class ^="row-"] {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  [class ^="box-"] {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

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（学习视频分享：css视频教程、web前端）

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