Which language syntax is es6 based on?

es6 is based on the syntax of javascript language. The full name of es6 is ECMAScript6, which is a standard for JavaScript language officially released in June 2015; its goal is to make JavaScript language can be used to write complex large-scale applications and become an enterprise-level development language.

The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, ECMAScript version 6, Dell G3 computer.

What is es6

The full name of es6 is ECMAScript6 (the 6th version of ECMAScript), which is the JavaScript language standard officially released in June 2015. Its goal is to enable the JavaScript language to be used to write complex large-scale applications and become an enterprise-level development language.

ECMAScript 6 has basically become the industry standard, and its popularity is much faster than ES5. The main reason is that modern browsers support ES6 very quickly, especially Chrome and Firefox browsers, which already support Most features in ES6.

Why should you learn ES6? What is ES6 used for?

ES5 cannot meet the current situation where the front-end is becoming more and more complex and huge. It can be said to be outdated. ES6 is an enhancement and upgrade to ES5.

• 1. Mainstream browsers have fully supported ES6

• 2. Newer front-end frameworks in the industry have fully used ES6 Grammar

• 3. WeChat applet, uni-app, etc. are all based on ES6 syntax

• #4. Starting from employment, small and medium-sized companies , full stack, one more skill on your resume, and you can get started faster during the trial period.

Programming Style

This chapter explores how to apply the new syntax of ES6 to coding practice and compare it with traditional JavaScript syntax. Combined together, they write code that is sensible, easy to read and maintain.

Many companies and organizations have disclosed their style specifications. The following content mainly refers to Airbnb company's JavaScript style specifications.

Block-level scope

(1)let replaces var

ES6 proposes two There are two new commands for declaring variables: let and const. Among them, let can completely replace var, because the semantics of the two are the same, and let has no side effects.

'use strict';

if (true) {
  let x = 'hello';
}

for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  console.log(i);
}

If var is used instead of let in the above code, two global variables are actually declared, which is obviously not the intention. Variables should only be valid within the code block in which they are declared. The var command cannot do this. The

var command has variable promotion effect, but the let command does not have this problem.

'use strict';

if (true) {
  console.log(x); // ReferenceError
  let x = 'hello';
}

If var is used instead of let in the above code, the line console.log will not report an error, but will output undefined because the variable declaration is hoisted to the head of the code block. This violates the principle of variables being declared first and used later.

Therefore, it is recommended that you no longer use the var command, but use the let command instead.

(2) Global constants and thread safety

Between let and const, it is recommended to use ## first #const, especially in the global environment, variables should not be set, only constants.

const is better than let for several reasons. One is const, which can remind people who read the program that this variable should not be changed; the other is const, which is more in line with the idea of ​​functional programming. The operation does not change the value, but only creates a new value, and this It is also beneficial to future distributed computing; the last reason is that the JavaScript compiler will optimize const, so using const more will help improve the running efficiency of the program, that is to say The essential difference between let and const is actually the different internal processing of the compiler.

// bad
var a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;

// good
const a = 1;
const b = 2;
const c = 3;

// best
const [a, b, c] = [1, 2, 3];

constThere are two benefits of declaring constants. First, people reading the code will immediately realize that the value should not be modified. Second, it prevents errors caused by inadvertently modifying the variable value. mistake.

let should only appear in a single thread. Code run by threads cannot be shared by multiple threads, which will help ensure thread safety.

String

// bad
const a = "foobar";
const b = 'foo' + a + 'bar';

// acceptable
const c = `foobar`;

// good
const a = 'foobar';
const b = `foo${a}bar`;

Destructuring assignment

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];

// bad
const first = arr[0];
const second = arr[1];

// good
const [first, second] = arr;

// bad
function getFullName(user) {
  const firstName = user.firstName;
  const lastName = user.lastName;
}

// good
function getFullName(obj) {
  const { firstName, lastName } = obj;
}

// best
function getFullName({ firstName, lastName }) {
}

如果函数返回多个值，优先使用对象的解构赋值，而不是数组的解构赋值。这样便于以后添加返回值，以及更改返回值的顺序。

// bad
function processInput(input) {
  return [left, right, top, bottom];
}

// good
function processInput(input) {
  return { left, right, top, bottom };
}

const { left, right } = processInput(input);

对象

单行定义的对象，最后一个成员不以逗号结尾。多行定义的对象，最后一个成员以逗号结尾。

// bad
const a = { k1: v1, k2: v2, };
const b = {
  k1: v1,
  k2: v2
};

// good
const a = { k1: v1, k2: v2 };
const b = {
  k1: v1,
  k2: v2,
};

对象尽量静态化，一旦定义，就不得随意添加新的属性。如果添加属性不可避免，要使用Object.assign方法。

// bad
const a = {};
a.x = 3;

// if reshape unavoidable
const a = {};
Object.assign(a, { x: 3 });

// good
const a = { x: null };
a.x = 3;

如果对象的属性名是动态的，可以在创造对象的时候，使用属性表达式定义。

// bad
const obj = {
  id: 5,
  name: 'San Francisco',
};
obj[getKey('enabled')] = true;

// good
const obj = {
  id: 5,
  name: 'San Francisco',
  [getKey('enabled')]: true,
};

上面代码中，对象obj的最后一个属性名，需要计算得到。这时最好采用属性表达式，在新建obj的时候，将该属性与其他属性定义在一起。这样一来，所有属性就在一个地方定义了。

另外，对象的属性和方法，尽量采用简洁表达法，这样易于描述和书写。

var ref = 'some value';

// bad
const atom = {
  ref: ref,

  value: 1,

  addValue: function (value) {
    return atom.value + value;
  },
};

// good
const atom = {
  ref,

  value: 1,

  addValue(value) {
    return atom.value + value;
  },
};

数组

使用扩展运算符（...）拷贝数组。

// bad
const len = items.length;
const itemsCopy = [];
let i;

for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
  itemsCopy[i] = items[i];
}

// good
const itemsCopy = [...items];

使用 Array.from 方法，将类似数组的对象转为数组。

const foo = document.querySelectorAll('.foo');
const nodes = Array.from(foo);

函数

立即执行函数可以写成箭头函数的形式。

(() => {
  console.log('Welcome to the Internet.');
})();

那些使用匿名函数当作参数的场合，尽量用箭头函数代替。因为这样更简洁，而且绑定了 this。

// bad
[1, 2, 3].map(function (x) {
  return x * x;
});

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((x) => {
  return x * x;
});

// best
[1, 2, 3].map(x => x * x);

箭头函数取代Function.prototype.bind，不应再用 self/_this/that 绑定 this。

// bad
const self = this;
const boundMethod = function(...params) {
  return method.apply(self, params);
}

// acceptable
const boundMethod = method.bind(this);

// best
const boundMethod = (...params) => method.apply(this, params);

简单的、单行的、不会复用的函数，建议采用箭头函数。如果函数体较为复杂，行数较多，还是应该采用传统的函数写法。

所有配置项都应该集中在一个对象，放在最后一个参数，布尔值不可以直接作为参数。

// bad
function divide(a, b, option = false ) {
}

// good
function divide(a, b, { option = false } = {}) {
}

不要在函数体内使用 arguments 变量，使用 rest 运算符（...）代替。因为 rest 运算符显式表明你想要获取参数，而且 arguments 是一个类似数组的对象，而 rest 运算符可以提供一个真正的数组。

// bad
function concatenateAll() {
  const args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
  return args.join('');
}

// good
function concatenateAll(...args) {
  return args.join('');
}

使用默认值语法设置函数参数的默认值。

// bad
function handleThings(opts) {
  opts = opts || {};
}

// good
function handleThings(opts = {}) {
  // ...
}

Map 结构

注意区分 Object 和 Map，只有模拟现实世界的实体对象时，才使用 Object。如果只是需要key: value的数据结构，使用 Map 结构。因为 Map 有内建的遍历机制。

let map = new Map(arr);

for (let key of map.keys()) {
  console.log(key);
}

for (let value of map.values()) {
  console.log(value);
}

for (let item of map.entries()) {
  console.log(item[0], item[1]);
}

Class

总是用 Class，取代需要 prototype 的操作。因为 Class 的写法更简洁，更易于理解。

// bad
function Queue(contents = []) {
  this._queue = [...contents];
}
Queue.prototype.pop = function() {
  const value = this._queue[0];
  this._queue.splice(0, 1);
  return value;
}

// good
class Queue {
  constructor(contents = []) {
    this._queue = [...contents];
  }
  pop() {
    const value = this._queue[0];
    this._queue.splice(0, 1);
    return value;
  }
}

使用extends实现继承，因为这样更简单，不会有破坏instanceof运算的危险。

// bad
const inherits = require('inherits');
function PeekableQueue(contents) {
  Queue.apply(this, contents);
}
inherits(PeekableQueue, Queue);
PeekableQueue.prototype.peek = function() {
  return this._queue[0];
}

// good
class PeekableQueue extends Queue {
  peek() {
    return this._queue[0];
  }
}

模块

首先，Module 语法是 JavaScript 模块的标准写法，坚持使用这种写法。使用import取代require。

// bad
const moduleA = require('moduleA');
const func1 = moduleA.func1;
const func2 = moduleA.func2;

// good
import { func1, func2 } from 'moduleA';

使用export取代module.exports。

// commonJS的写法
var React = require('react');

var Breadcrumbs = React.createClass({
  render() {
    return <nav />;
  }
});

module.exports = Breadcrumbs;

// ES6的写法
import React from &#39;react&#39;;

class Breadcrumbs extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return <nav />;
  }
};

export default Breadcrumbs;

如果模块只有一个输出值，就使用export default，如果模块有多个输出值，就不使用export default，export default与普通的export不要同时使用。

不要在模块输入中使用通配符。因为这样可以确保你的模块之中，有一个默认输出（export default）。

// bad
import * as myObject from './importModule';

// good
import myObject from './importModule';

如果模块默认输出一个函数，函数名的首字母应该小写。

function makeStyleGuide() {
}

export default makeStyleGuide;

如果模块默认输出一个对象，对象名的首字母应该大写。

const StyleGuide = {
  es6: {
  }
};

export default StyleGuide;

ESLint 的使用

ESLint 是一个语法规则和代码风格的检查工具，可以用来保证写出语法正确、风格统一的代码。

首先，在项目的根目录安装 ESLint。

$ npm install --save-dev eslint

然后，安装 Airbnb 语法规则，以及 import、a11y、react 插件。

$ npm install --save-dev eslint-config-airbnb
$ npm install --save-dev eslint-plugin-import eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y eslint-plugin-react

最后，在项目的根目录下新建一个.eslintrc文件，配置 ESLint。

{
  "extends": "eslint-config-airbnb"
}

现在就可以检查，当前项目的代码是否符合预设的规则。

index.js文件的代码如下。

var unused = 'I have no purpose!';

function greet() {
    var message = 'Hello, World!';
    console.log(message);
}

greet();

使用 ESLint 检查这个文件，就会报出错误。

$ npx eslint index.js
index.js
  1:1  error  Unexpected var, use let or const instead          no-var
  1:5  error  unused is defined but never used                 no-unused-vars
  4:5  error  Expected indentation of 2 characters but found 4  indent
  4:5  error  Unexpected var, use let or const instead          no-var
  5:5  error  Expected indentation of 2 characters but found 4  indent

✖ 5 problems (5 errors, 0 warnings)

上面代码说明，原文件有五个错误，其中两个是不应该使用var命令，而要使用let或const；一个是定义了变量，却没有使用；另外两个是行首缩进为 4 个空格，而不是规定的 2 个空格。

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