Understand the event loop and process.nextTick() in Node

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Release: 2022-03-11 20:14:11
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This article will give you an understanding of the event loop inNodejs, and analyze the event loop mechanism, process.nextTick(), etc. I hope it will be helpful to everyone!

Understand the event loop and process.nextTick() in Node

What is the event loop

The event loop is the mechanism by which Node.js handles non-blocking I/O operations - even though JavaScript is single-threaded - —When possible, they move operations to the system kernel.

Since most current kernels are multi-threaded, they can handle a variety of operations in the background. When one of the operations is completed, the kernel notifies Node.js to add the appropriate callback function to the polling queue and wait for execution. We will introduce it in detail later in this article.

Event loop mechanism analysis

When Node.js is started, it will initialize the event loop and process the provided input script (or throw it intoREPL, which is not covered in this article to), it may call some asynchronous APIs, schedule timers, or callprocess.nextTick(), and then start processing the event loop.

The diagram below shows a simplified overview of the sequence of operations of the event loop.

┌───────────────────────────┐ ┌─>│ timers │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ │ │ pending callbacks │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ │ │ idle, prepare │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ ┌───────────────┐ │ ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ │ incoming: │ │ │ poll │<─────┤ connections, │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ data, etc. │ │ ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ └───────────────┘ │ │ check │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ └──┤ close callbacks │ └───────────────────────────┘
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Note: Each box is called a stage of the event loop mechanism.

Each stage has a FIFO queue to execute callbacks. While each stage is special, generally when the event loop enters a given stage, it will perform any operations specific to that stage and then execute the callbacks in that stage's queue until the queue is exhausted or the maximum The number of callbacks has been executed. When the queue is exhausted or the callback limit is reached, the event loop moves to the next phase, and so on.

Since any of these operations may schedule _more_ operations and new events queued by the kernel to be processed during thepollingphase, and while processing the events in the poll , polling events can be queued. Therefore, a long-running callback can allow the polling phase to run longer than the timer's threshold time. See theTimersandPollingsections for more information.

Note:There are subtle differences between the Windows and Unix/Linux implementations, but this is not important for the purpose of the demonstration. The most important part is here. There are actually seven or eight steps, but what we care about is that Node.js actually uses some of the steps above.

Phase Overview

  • Timer: The execution of this phase has beensetTimeout()andsetInterval()Scheduling callback function.
  • Pending callback: I/O callback whose execution is delayed until the next loop iteration.
  • idle, prepare: Only used internally by the system.
  • Polling: Retrieve new I/O events; execute I/O-related callbacks (in almost all cases, except for shutdown callbacks, those handled by timers andsetImmediate()Except for scheduling), in other cases node will block here at the appropriate time.
  • Detection:setImmediate()The callback function is executed here.
  • Closed callback function: Some closed callback functions, such as:socket.on('close', ...).

Between each run of the event loop, Node.js checks to see if it is waiting for any asynchronous I/O or timers, and if not, shuts down completely.

Detailed overview of phases

Timers

Timers specify thethresholdat which the provided callback can be executed instead of the user Expect the exact time of its execution. After the specified interval, the timer callback will be run as early as possible. However, they may be delayed by operating system scheduling or other running callbacks.

Note:PollingPhasecontrols when the timer executes.

For example, suppose you schedule a timer that times out after 100 milliseconds, and then your script starts asynchronously reading a file that takes 95 milliseconds:

const fs = require('fs'); function someAsyncOperation(callback) { // Assume this takes 95ms to complete fs.readFile('/path/to/file', callback); } const timeoutScheduled = Date.now(); setTimeout(() => { const delay = Date.now() - timeoutScheduled; console.log(`${delay}ms have passed since I was scheduled`); }, 100); // do someAsyncOperation which takes 95 ms to complete someAsyncOperation(() => { const startCallback = Date.now(); // do something that will take 10ms... while (Date.now() - startCallback < 10) { // do nothing } });
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当事件循环进入轮询阶段时,它有一个空队列(此时fs.readFile()尚未完成),因此它将等待剩下的毫秒数,直到达到最快的一个计时器阈值为止。当它等待 95 毫秒过后时,fs.readFile()完成读取文件,它的那个需要 10 毫秒才能完成的回调,将被添加到轮询队列中并执行。当回调完成时,队列中不再有回调,因此事件循环机制将查看最快到达阈值的计时器,然后将回到计时器阶段,以执行定时器的回调。在本示例中,您将看到调度计时器到它的回调被执行之间的总延迟将为 105 毫秒。

注意:为了防止轮询阶段饿死事件循环,libuv(实现 Node.js 事件循环和平台的所有异步行为的 C 函数库),在停止轮询以获得更多事件之前,还有一个硬性最大值(依赖于系统)。

挂起的回调函数

此阶段对某些系统操作(如 TCP 错误类型)执行回调。例如,如果 TCP 套接字在尝试连接时接收到ECONNREFUSED,则某些 *nix 的系统希望等待报告错误。这将被排队以在挂起的回调阶段执行。

轮询

轮询阶段有两个重要的功能:

  • 计算应该阻塞和轮询 I/O 的时间。

  • 然后,处理轮询队列里的事件。

当事件循环进入轮询阶段且_没有被调度的计时器时_,将发生以下两种情况之一:

  • 如果轮询队列不是空的

    ,事件循环将循环访问回调队列并同步执行它们,直到队列已用尽,或者达到了与系统相关的硬性限制。

  • 如果轮询队列是空的,还有两件事发生:

    • 如果脚本被setImmediate()调度,则事件循环将结束轮询阶段,并继续检查阶段以执行那些被调度的脚本。

    • 如果脚本未被setImmediate()调度,则事件循环将等待回调被添加到队列中,然后立即执行。

一旦轮询队列为空,事件循环将检查 _已达到时间阈值的计时器_。如果一个或多个计时器已准备就绪,则事件循环将绕回计时器阶段以执行这些计时器的回调。

检查阶段

此阶段允许人员在轮询阶段完成后立即执行回调。如果轮询阶段变为空闲状态,并且脚本使用setImmediate()后被排列在队列中,则事件循环可能继续到检查阶段而不是等待。

setImmediate()实际上是一个在事件循环的单独阶段运行的特殊计时器。它使用一个 libuv API 来安排回调在轮询阶段完成后执行。

通常,在执行代码时,事件循环最终会命中轮询阶段,在那等待传入连接、请求等。但是,如果回调已使用setImmediate()调度过,并且轮询阶段变为空闲状态,则它将结束此阶段,并继续到检查阶段而不是继续等待轮询事件。

关闭的回调函数

如果套接字或处理函数突然关闭(例如socket.destroy()),则'close'事件将在这个阶段发出。否则它将通过process.nextTick()发出。

setImmediate() 对比 setTimeout()

setImmediate()setTimeout()很类似,但是基于被调用的时机,他们也有不同表现。

  • setImmediate()设计为一旦在当前轮询阶段完成, 就执行脚本。
  • setTimeout()在最小阈值(ms 单位)过后运行脚本。

执行计时器的顺序将根据调用它们的上下文而异。如果二者都从主模块内调用,则计时器将受进程性能的约束(这可能会受到计算机上其他正在运行应用程序的影响)。

例如,如果运行以下不在 I/O 周期(即主模块)内的脚本,则执行两个计时器的顺序是非确定性的,因为它受进程性能的约束:

// timeout_vs_immediate.js setTimeout(() => { console.log('timeout'); }, 0); setImmediate(() => { console.log('immediate'); }); $ node timeout_vs_immediate.js timeout immediate $ node timeout_vs_immediate.js immediate timeout
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但是,如果你把这两个函数放入一个 I/O 循环内调用,setImmediate 总是被优先调用:

// timeout_vs_immediate.js const fs = require('fs'); fs.readFile(__filename, () => { setTimeout(() => { console.log('timeout'); }, 0); setImmediate(() => { console.log('immediate'); }); }); $ node timeout_vs_immediate.js immediate timeout $ node timeout_vs_immediate.js immediate timeout
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使用setImmediate()相对于setTimeout()的主要优势是,如果setImmediate()是在 I/O 周期内被调度的,那它将会在其中任何的定时器之前执行,跟这里存在多少个定时器无关

process.nextTick()

理解 process.nextTick()

您可能已经注意到process.nextTick()在图示中没有显示,即使它是异步 API 的一部分。这是因为process.nextTick()从技术上讲不是事件循环的一部分。相反,它都将在当前操作完成后处理nextTickQueue, 而不管事件循环的当前阶段如何。这里的一个_操作_被视作为一个从底层 C/C++ 处理器开始过渡,并且处理需要执行的 JavaScript 代码。

回顾我们的图示,任何时候在给定的阶段中调用process.nextTick(),所有传递到process.nextTick()的回调将在事件循环继续之前解析。这可能会造成一些糟糕的情况,因为它允许您通过递归process.nextTick()调用来“饿死”您的 I/O,阻止事件循环到达轮询阶段。

为什么会允许这样?

为什么这样的事情会包含在 Node.js 中?它的一部分是一个设计理念,其中 API 应该始终是异步的,即使它不必是。以此代码段为例:

function apiCall(arg, callback) { if (typeof arg !== 'string') return process.nextTick( callback, new TypeError('argument should be string') ); }
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代码段进行参数检查。如果不正确,则会将错误传递给回调函数。最近对 API 进行了更新,允许传递参数给process.nextTick(),这将允许它接受任何在回调函数位置之后的参数,并将参数传递给回调函数作为回调函数的参数,这样您就不必嵌套函数了。

我们正在做的是将错误传回给用户,但仅在执行用户的其余代码之后。通过使用process.nextTick(),我们保证apiCall()始终在用户代码的其余部分_之后_和在让事件循环继续进行_之前_,执行其回调函数。为了实现这一点,JS 调用栈被允许展开,然后立即执行提供的回调,允许进行递归调用process.nextTick(),而不触碰RangeError: 超过 V8 的最大调用堆栈大小限制。

这种设计原理可能会导致一些潜在的问题。 以此代码段为例:

let bar; // this has an asynchronous signature, but calls callback synchronously function someAsyncApiCall(callback) { callback(); } // the callback is called before `someAsyncApiCall` completes. someAsyncApiCall(() => { // since someAsyncApiCall has completed, bar hasn't been assigned any value console.log('bar', bar); // undefined }); bar = 1;
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用户将someAsyncApiCall()定义为具有异步签名,但实际上它是同步运行的。当调用它时,提供给someAsyncApiCall()的回调是在事件循环的同一阶段内被调用,因为someAsyncApiCall()实际上并没有异步执行任何事情。结果,回调函数在尝试引用bar,但作用域中可能还没有该变量,因为脚本尚未运行完成。

通过将回调置于process.nextTick()中,脚本仍具有运行完成的能力,允许在调用回调之前初始化所有的变量、函数等。它还具有不让事件循环继续的优点,适用于让事件循环继续之前,警告用户发生错误的情况。下面是上一个使用process.nextTick()的示例:

let bar; function someAsyncApiCall(callback) { process.nextTick(callback); } someAsyncApiCall(() => { console.log('bar', bar); // 1 }); bar = 1;
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这又是另外一个真实的例子:

const server = net.createServer(() => {}).listen(8080); server.on('listening', () => {});
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只有传递端口时,端口才会立即被绑定。因此,可以立即调用'listening'回调。问题是.on('listening')的回调在那个时间点尚未被设置。

为了绕过这个问题,'listening'事件被排在nextTick()中,以允许脚本运行完成。这让用户设置所想设置的任何事件处理器。

process.nextTick() 对比 setImmediate()

就用户而言,我们有两个类似的调用,但它们的名称令人费解。

  • process.nextTick()在同一个阶段立即执行。
  • setImmediate()在事件循环的接下来的迭代或 'tick' 上触发。

实质上,这两个名称应该交换,因为process.nextTick()setImmediate()触发得更快,但这是过去遗留问题,因此不太可能改变。如果贸然进行名称交换,将破坏 npm 上的大部分软件包。每天都有更多新的模块在增加,这意味着我们要多等待每一天,则更多潜在破坏会发生。尽管这些名称使人感到困惑,但它们本身名字不会改变。

我们建议开发人员在所有情况下都使用setImmediate(),因为它更容易理解。

为什么要使用 process.nextTick()?

有两个主要原因:

  1. 允许用户处理错误,清理任何不需要的资源,或者在事件循环继续之前重试请求。

  2. 有时有让回调在栈展开后,但在事件循环继续之前运行的必要。

以下是一个符合用户预期的简单示例:

const server = net.createServer(); server.on('connection', (conn) => {}); server.listen(8080); server.on('listening', () => {});
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假设listen()在事件循环开始时运行,但 listening 的回调被放置在setImmediate()中。除非传递过主机名,才会立即绑定到端口。为使事件循环继续进行,它必须命中轮询阶段,这意味着有可能已经接收了一个连接,并在侦听事件之前触发了连接事件。

另一个示例运行的函数构造函数是从EventEmitter继承的,它想调用构造函数:

const EventEmitter = require('events'); const util = require('util'); function MyEmitter() { EventEmitter.call(this); this.emit('event'); } util.inherits(MyEmitter, EventEmitter); const myEmitter = new MyEmitter(); myEmitter.on('event', () => { console.log('an event occurred!'); });
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你不能立即从构造函数中触发事件,因为脚本尚未处理到用户为该事件分配回调函数的地方。因此,在构造函数本身中可以使用process.nextTick()来设置回调,以便在构造函数完成后发出该事件,这是预期的结果:

const EventEmitter = require('events'); const util = require('util'); function MyEmitter() { EventEmitter.call(this); // use nextTick to emit the event once a handler is assigned process.nextTick(() => { this.emit('event'); }); } util.inherits(MyEmitter, EventEmitter); const myEmitter = new MyEmitter(); myEmitter.on('event', () => { console.log('an event occurred!'); });
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来源:https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/event-loop-timers-and-nexttick/

更多node相关知识,请访问:nodejs 教程

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