How to deal with deadlock and starvation issues in concurrent programming in C++?

Deadlock: ordered resources and deadlock detection; starvation: priority scheduling and fair locks. Through these strategies, deadlock and starvation problems can be solved in C, ensuring reliability and efficiency.

How to solve the deadlock and starvation problems in concurrent programming in C

Concurrent programming often encounters two common problems Challenges: deadlock and starvation. Addressing these issues is critical to ensuring application reliability and efficiency.

Deadlock

Deadlock refers to two or more threads waiting for each other for resources, causing the program to be unable to continue execution.

Solution:

• Resource ordering: Enforce ordered access to shared resources to ensure that all threads are in the same order Request resources.
• Deadlock detection: Regularly check whether there are circular dependencies and take steps to break the deadlock (for example, terminate the deadlock thread).

C Example:

// 使用 std::lock_guard 确保按顺序访问共享资源
std::mutex m;
std::vector<int> v;

void thread_func() {
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(m);
  v.push_back(1);
}

Hungry

Hungry is when a thread waits indefinitely for a resource while Other threads repeatedly acquire the resource.

Solution:

• Priority Scheduling: Assign higher priority to certain threads to ensure they get priority resource.
• Fair lock: Use the fair lock mechanism to ensure that all threads have a chance to obtain resources.

C Example:

// 使用 std::condition_variable 和 std::unique_lock 实现公平锁
std::mutex m;
std::condition_variable cv;
int num_waiting = 0;

void thread_func() {
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(m);
  while (num_waiting > 0) {
    cv.wait(lock);
  }
  // 临界区代码
  num_waiting--;
  cv.notify_one();
}

By adopting these strategies, you can effectively handle deadlock and starvation problems in concurrent programming in C, thus improving Application robustness and performance.

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