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An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

Release: 2023-07-25 15:42:08
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1. Introduction to exceptions

When Python detects an error, the interpreter cannot continue to execute. Instead, some error prompts appear. This is what is called "abnormal".


2. Case Analysis

Open a non-existent file 123 .txt, when the 123.txt file cannot be found, an IOError type error will be thrown to us, No such file or directory: 123.txt (there is no such file or directory as 123.txt).

print'-----test--1---'
open('123.txt','r')
print '-----test--2---'
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Run result:

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

##<1> Catching exception try...except...

Example:

try:
    print(&#39;-----test--1---&#39;)
    open(&#39;123.txt&#39;,&#39;r&#39;)
    print(&#39;-----test--2---&#39;)
except IOError:
    pass
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Running result:

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

Description:

  • This program cannot be viewed Any error is detected because the IOError exception is captured using except and a method for handling it is added.

  • pass 表示实现了相应的实现,但什么也不做;如果把pass改为print语句,那么就会输出其他信息。

小总结 :

  • 把可能出现问题的代码,放在try中。

  • 把处理异常的代码,放在except中。

<2> except捕获多个异常

例 :

try:
    print(num)
except IOError:
    print(&#39;产生错误了&#39;)
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运行结果 :

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

想一想:

上例程序,已经使用except来捕获异常了,为什么还会看到错误的信息提示?

答:

except捕获的错误类型是IOError,而此时程序产生的异常为 NameError ,所以except没有生效。

修改后的代码为 :

try:
   print(num)
except NameError:
    print(&#39;产生错误了&#39;)
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运行结果

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

实际开发中,捕获多个异常的方式,如下:
#coding=utf-8
try:
    print(&#39;-----test--1---&#39;)
    open(&#39;123.txt&#39;,&#39;r&#39;) # 如果123.txt文件不存在,那么会产生 IOError 异常
    print(&#39;-----test--2---&#39;)
    print(num)# 如果num变量没有定义,那么会产生 NameError 异常


except (IOError,NameError): 
    #如果想通过一次except捕获到多个异常可以用一个元组的方式
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注意:

当捕获多个异常时,可以把要捕获的异常的名字,放到except 后,并使用元组的方式仅进行存储。


<3>获取异常的信息描述

try:
    open("a.txt")
except(NameError,IOError) as result:
    print("捕抓到异常")
    print("信息展示:",result)
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运行结果:

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions


<4>捕获所有异常

try:
    open("a.txt")
except Exception as result:
    print("捕抓到异常")
    print("信息展示:",result)
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运行结果:

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

<5> else

咱们应该对else并不陌生,在if中,它的作用是当条件不满足时执行的实行;同样在try...except...中也是如此,即如果没有捕获到异常,那么就执行else中的事情。

try:
    num = 100
    print(num)
except NameError as errorMsg:
    print(&#39;产生错误了:%s&#39; % errorMsg)
else:
    print(&#39;没有捕获到异常,真高兴&#39;)
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运行结果如下:

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

<6> try...finally...

try...finally...语句用来表达这样的情况:

在程序中,如果一个段代码必须要执行,即无论异常是否产生都要执行,那么此时就需要使用finally。比如文件关闭,释放锁,把数据库连接返还给连接池等。

demo:

import time
try:
    f = open(&#39;test.txt&#39;)
    try:
        while True:
            content = f.readline()
            if len(content) == 0:
                break
            time.sleep(2)
            print(content)
    except:
        #如果在读取文件的过程中,产生了异常,那么就会捕获到
        #比如 按下了 ctrl+c
        pass
    finally:
        f.close()
        print(&#39;关闭文件&#39;)
except:
    print("没有这个文件")
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运行结果:

An article to help you understand the introduction and case analysis of Python exceptions

说明:

test.txt文件中每一行数据打印,但是我有意在每打印一行之前用time.sleep方法暂停2秒钟。这样做的原因是让程序运行得慢一些。在程序运行的时候,按Ctrl+c中断(取消)程序。

我们可以观察到KeyboardInterrupt异常被触发,程序退出。但是在程序退出之前,finally从句仍然被执行,把文件关闭。


三、总结

本文讲解了Python基础之异常知识 ,介绍了常见的异常操作,用丰富的案例,帮助大家更好的去了解异常常见的的基础操作。

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