How to define multiple constructor method overloading and generic methods in Python classes

What is a "generic method"?

A method composed of multiple methods that implement the same operation for different types.

For example

Now there is a requirement that requires you to create a custom date class (CustomDate) in the following ways:

• Time stamp

• Year, month, day (a tuple containing three integers)

• Characters in ISO format String

• Datetime Class

General implementation

from datetime import date, datetime
class CustomDate:
    def __init__(self, arg):
        if isinstance(arg, (int, float)):
            self.__date = date.fromtimestamp(arg)
        elif isinstance(arg, tuple) and len(arg) == 3 and all(map(lambda x: isinstance(x, int), arg):
            self.__date = date(*arg)
        elif isinstance(arg, str):
            self.__date = date.fromisoformat(arg)
        elif isinstance(arg, datetime):
            self.__date = datetime.date()
        else:
            raise TypeError("could not create instance from " + type(arg).__name__)
    @property
    def date():
        return self.__date

Note: Incoming will not be discussed here. Whether the date/time stamp is legal or not, we only make a rough judgment on the type.

Is there a better way?

We can split different building methods into multiple methods and use the singledispatchmethod decorator in functools to decide which one to call based on the type of parameters passed in method.

from datetime import date, datetime
from functools import singledispatchmethod
class CustomDate:
    @singledispatchmethod
    def __init__(self, arg):
        raise TypeError("could not create instance from " + type(arg).__name__)
    @__init__.register(int)
    @__init__.register(float)
    def __from_timestamp(self, arg):
        self.__date = date.fromtimestamp(arg)
    @__init__.register(tuple)
    def __from_tuple(self, arg):
        if len(arg) == 3 and all(map(lambda x: isinstance(x, int), arg)):
            self.__date = date(*arg)
        else:
            raise ValueError("could not create instance from a malformed tuple")
    @__init__.register(str)
    def __from_isoformat(self, arg):
        self.__date = date.fromisoformat(arg)
    @__init__.register(datetime)
    def __from_datetime(self, arg):
        self.__date = arg.date()
    @property
    def date(self):
        return self.__date

In this way, we can separate the initialization of each parameter type into separate methods.

Disadvantages

#1 Single dispatch

Which method implementation should be used during the call is determined by the dispatch algorithm. If the algorithm decides which method implementation to use based only on the type of a single parameter, it is called single dispatch.

singledispatchmethod It is single dispatch. That is, only the first parameter will be considered. This is far from enough in actual business.

#2 does not support typing

However, as above, we still need to use if/else to determine the type of elements in the tuple. That is, we cannot use typing.Tuple[int, int, int].

As a compromise, perhaps we can define a ThreeIntTuple class to limit it and isolate these judgments from the CustomDate class.

I only provide an idea here for your reference, I will not implement it (because we have a better way xD).

Alternative: multimethod library

This library is not one of the standard libraries and needs to be installed through pip:

pip install multimethod

Advantages

multimethod It uses a multi-dispatch algorithm, which can better meet more complex scenarios. In addition, the library also has good support for types in typing.

Better way to practice

Back to the above question, we can improve it like this:

• Use multimethod method To replace singledispatchmethod;

• Use Tuple[int, int, int] to replace tuple, no longer needed Manually verify the length and element type of the tuple;

from datetime import date, datetime
from typing import Tuple, Union
from multimethod import multimethod
class CustomDate:
    @multimethod
    def __init__(self, arg):
        raise TypeError("could not create instance from " + type(arg).__name__)
    @__init__.register
    def __from_timestamp(self, arg: Union[int, float]):
        self.__date = date.fromtimestamp(arg)
    @__init__.register
    def __from_tuple(self, arg: Tuple[int, int, int]):
        self.__date = date(*arg)
    @__init__.register
    def __from_isoformat(self, arg: str):
        self.__date = date.fromisoformat(arg)
    @__init__.register
    def __from_datetime(self, arg: datetime):
        self.__date = arg.date()
    @property
    def date(self):
        return self.__date

The ultimate practical way (real method overloading)

Before doing this, ask first A simple question for everyone (this is closely related to our next content):

class A:
    def a(self):
        print(1)
    def a(self):
        print(2)
A().a()

What will the above code output? Or will it throw an error?

Output 2.

In Python, if methods with duplicate names are defined, the last method will overwrite the previous method.

But you may not know that we can change this behavior through metaclass:

class MetaA(type):
    class __prepare__(dict):
        def __init__(*args):
            pass
        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            if self.get('a'):  # Line 7
                super().__setitem__('b', value)  # Line 8
            else:	
                super().__setitem__(key, value)
class A(metaclass=MetaA):
    def a(self):
        print(1)
    def a(self):
        print(2)
A().a()  # => 1
A().b()  # => 2  # Line 22

In lines 7 and 8, we will a## with the same name # The method is renamed b and is successfully called on line 22. The maintainers of

multimethod have made good use of this and processed methods with duplicate names to achieve a "special effect".

• Set

  multimethod.multidata to the CustomDate class Metaclass;

• Name all methods

  __init__.

from datetime import date, datetime
from typing import Tuple, Union
from multimethod import multimeta
class CustomDate(metaclass=multimeta):
    def __init__(self, arg: Union[int, float]):
        self.__date = date.fromtimestamp(arg)
    def __init__(self, arg: Tuple[int, int, int]):
        self.__date = date(*arg)
    def __init__(self, arg: str):
        self.__date = date.fromisoformat(arg)
    def __init__(self, arg: datetime):
        self.__date = arg.date()
    def __init__(self, arg):
        raise TypeError("could not create instance from " + type(arg).__name__)
    @property
    def date(self):
        return self.__date

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In terms of effect, this is exactly the same as method overloading in static languages!

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