Detailed explanation of PS blending mode

As a commonly used tool for photographers in post-production, Photoshop has undoubtedly powerful functions. For example, the blending tool of the layer window has been increased to 27 modes. So, in order to let everyone know more about the use of mixing tools, the editor has brought the principles of these 27 modes, hoping to help everyone in the later stage.

1. Normal mode (Normal)

Default mode displays the pixels of the mixed color layer without any layer mixing. This means that the base color layer (background layer) has no effect on the blended layer.

2. Dissolve

Superimpose the image of the mixed color layer onto the image of the base color layer in the form of scattered dots. It will not affect the color of the image and is consistent with the image. related to the opacity. The edge effect is most noticeable when the image's fill and opacity are both 100%.

3. Darken

In this mode, compare the color brightness values ​​in the RGB channels of the corresponding areas of the two mixed layers. In the mixed layer, Pixels that are darker than the base color layer are retained, and lighter pixels are replaced with darker pixels from the base color layer. The overall color gray level is reduced, resulting in a darkening effect.

4. Multiply

Multiply the gray levels of the pixel colors of the upper and lower layers to obtain a color with a lower gray level and become the synthesized color. , the effect after layer synthesis is simply that low grayscale pixels appear but high grayscale do not appear (that is, dark colors appear, light colors do not appear, black grayscale is 0, white grayscale is 255).

Calculation formula: Result color R = Mixed color R * Base color R / 255 (the numerical algorithm of G and B is the same)

5. Color Burn

When using this mode, the color value of the dark layer will be added. The brighter the color added, the more delicate the effect. Darkens the underlying color, somewhat like Multiply, but increases the contrast accordingly based on the color of the overlaid pixels. Mixing with white has no effect.

Calculation formula: Result color = (base color mixed color - 255) * 255 / mixed color, where if (base color mixed color - 255) is a negative number, it will be returned to zero directly.

6. Linear Burn

Like the color burn mode, the linear burn mode reduces the brightness and darkens the background to reflect the mixed color. Mixing with white has no effect.

Calculation formula: result color = base color mixed color - 255. If the value is less than 0, it will be returned to zero directly.

7.Darker Color

The dark blending mode is easier to understand. She calculates the values ​​of all channels of the mixed color and the base color, and then selects the smaller value as the result color. So the result color is just the same as the blend or base color, but produces a different color. White is mixed with the base color to get the base color, and black is mixed with the base color to get black. In dark mode, the values ​​of the mixed color and the base color are fixed. After we reverse the positions, the resulting color of the mixed color does not change.

8. Lighten

In this mode, which is the opposite of the darkening mode, the color brightness values ​​in the RGB channels in the corresponding areas of the two mixed layers are compared, and the The higher pixels are the mixed colors, which increase the brightness of the overall color grayscale, resulting in a brightening effect. It has no effect when composited with black, and remains white when composited with white.

9. Screen

It is the opposite of the multiply mode. It multiplies the gray levels of the pixel colors of the upper and lower layers to obtain a higher gray level. The color becomes the synthesized color. Simply put, the effect of layer synthesis is that high-grayscale pixels appear but low-grayscale pixels do not appear (that is, light colors appear and dark colors do not appear), and the resulting image is brighter.

Calculation formula: Result color = 255 - Complementary color of mixed color * and complementary color of color / 255

10. Color Dodge (Color Dodge)

Use this mode , the color value of the layer will be brightened. The darker the color added, the more delicate the effect will be. The exact opposite of color burn, which reflects mixed colors by lowering contrast and brightening underlying colors. Mixing with black has no effect.

Calculation formula: Result color = base color (mixed color * base color) / (255 - mixed color). If the mixed color is black, the result color is equal to the base color; if the mixed color is white, the result color is white. If the base color is black, the result color will be black.

11. Linear Dodge

Similar to the color dodge mode. But you get a blended color by increasing the brightness to lighten the underlying color. Mixing with black has no effect.

Calculation formula: Result color = base color mixed color. If the value of base color and mixed color is greater than 255, the system defaults to the maximum value, which is 255.

12. Lighter Color

By calculating the sum of the values ​​of all channels of the mixed color and the base color, whichever value is larger is selected as the result color. Therefore, the result color can only be selected between the mixed color and the base color, and no third color will be produced. Just the opposite of dark mode.

13.Overlay

The overlay mode is more complicated. It determines whether the pixels of the mixed color layer are multiplied or filtered based on the color of the base color layer. Generally speaking, the changes are midtones, high colors and dark colors. The area remains largely unchanged. Whether the pixels are multiplied or screen-blended depends on the base color layer color. The colors will be blended, but the brightness details in the highlights and shadows of the base color layer will be preserved.

Calculation formula: Base color

Basic color > 128: Result color = 255 - (255 - mixed color) * (255 - base color) / 128.

14.Soft Light

Add the mixed color layer to the base color layer in soft light. When the gray level of the base color layer tends to be high or low, then The level of the layer synthesis result will be adjusted to the middle gray level to obtain a softer color synthesis effect. The result is: the mid-light tone areas of the image become brighter, the dark areas become darker, and the image contrast increases, similar to the effect of a soft light illuminating the image. Darkening or brightening the screen color depends on the blending layer color information. The resulting effect is similar to casting a diffuse spotlight on the image. If the blended layer color (light source) is brighter than 50% gray, the base color layer will be illuminated (lightened). If the blend layer color (light source) is lighter than 50% gray, the base color layer will become darker, as if it is burnt.

Calculation formula: Mixed color

Mixed color>128: Result color = base color (2 * mixed color - 255) * (Sqrt(base color/255)*255 - base color)/255 .

15. Hard Light

If the grayscale of the color in the two layers is biased towards low grayscale, the effect is similar to the Multiply mode, and when it is biased towards high grayscale, It is similar to the color filter mode. The effect of the middle tone is not obvious. Multiply or filter to blend the base color, depending on the blending layer color. The effect is like applying a strong spotlight to the image. If the blended layer color (light source) brightness is higher than 50% gray, the image will be illuminated, and the blending method is similar to Screen mode. On the contrary, if the brightness is lower than 50% gray, the image will become darker, and the blending method will be similar to Multiply mode. This mode adds shadows to the image. If you mix pure black or pure white, the result will be pure black or pure white.

Calculation formula: Mixed color

Mixed color > 128: Result color = 255 - (255 - Mixed color) * (255 - Base color) / 128.

16. Vivid Light

Adjust contrast to darken or lighten colors, depending on the color distribution of the blended layer image. If the brightness of the mixed layer color (light source) is higher than 50% gray, the image will be reduced in contrast and brightened; if the brightness of the mixed layer color (light source) is lower than 50% gray, the image will be increased in contrast and darkened.

Calculation formula: Mixed color

Mixed color > 128: Result color = base color / (2 * (255 - mixed color)) * 255.

17. Linear Light

Linear light deepens or lightens colors by reducing or increasing brightness. Depends on the value of the blend color. If the brightness of the mixed layer color (light source) is higher than the neutral gray (50% gray), use the method of increasing the brightness to make the picture brighter, otherwise use the method of reducing the brightness to make the picture darker.

Calculation formula: Result color = 2 * Mixed color Base color -255. If the value is greater than 255, take 255.

18. Pin Light

In the pin light mode, she will replace the corresponding color according to the color value of the mixed color. If the blending layer color (light source) is brighter than 50% gray, pixels darker than the blending layer color will be replaced, while lighter pixels will not change. If the blending layer color (light source) brightness is lower than 50% gray, pixels lighter than the blending layer color will be replaced, while pixels darker than the blending layer color will not change.

Calculation formula: Base color

2 * Mixed color - 255

Basic color > 2 * Mixed color: Result color = 2 * Mixed color.

19. Solid Color
In solid color blending mode, when the mixed color is lighter than 50% gray, the base color becomes lighter; if the mixed color is darker than 50% gray, the underlying image becomes darker. This mode
usually produces a tonal separation effect in the image. Decreasing the fill opacity can weaken the contrast strength.

20. Difference
The difference blending mode compares the brightness of the mixed color with the base color, subtracts the pixel value of the darker color from the pixel value of the lighter color, and the resulting difference is the final
The pixel value of the effect.

21. Exclusion
The exclusion blending mode is similar to the difference mode, but the exclusion mode has the characteristics of high contrast and low saturation, and the effect is softer and brighter than the difference mode.
When white is used as a mixed color, the image is presented by inverting the base color; when black is used as a mixed color, the image does not change.

22.Subtract

The function of subtract mode is to view the color information of each channel and subtract the mixed color from the base color. If there is a negative number, it is reset to zero. Colors that are the same as the base color are mixed to get black; white is mixed with the base color to get black; black is mixed with the base color to get the base color.

Calculation formula: Result color = base color - mixed color.

23.Divide

The function of the dividing mode is to view the color information of each channel and use the base color to divide the mixed color. If the base color value is greater than or equal to the mixed color value, the mixed color is white. The base color is numerically smaller than the blend color, and the resulting color is darker than the base color. The resulting color contrast is therefore very strong. White is mixed with the base color to get the base color, and black is mixed with the base color to get white.

Calculation formula: Result color = (base color / mixed color) * 255.

24. Hue (Hue)

When compositing, use the hue value of the mixed layer to replace the hue value of the base layer image, while the saturation and brightness remain unchanged. The parameters that determine the generated color include: the brightness and saturation of the base color, and the hue of the mixed layer color. (The hue, saturation, and lightness used here are also a color mode, also called: HSB mode.)

25. Saturation (Saturation)

Use the saturation of the mixed layer degree to replace the saturation of the base image, while the hue and brightness values ​​remain unchanged. The parameters that determine the generated color include: the brightness and hue of the base color, and the saturation of the mixed layer color. Saturation only controls the vividness of the color, so mixed colors only change the vividness of the image and cannot affect the color.

26. Color

Replace the hue value and saturation of the base layer image with the hue value and saturation of the blending layer, while the brightness remains unchanged. The parameters that determine the generated color include: the lightness of the base layer color, and the hue and saturation of the mixed layer color. In this mode, the mixed color controls the color of the entire picture. It is an excellent mode for colorizing black and white pictures, because this mode will retain the brightness of the base color picture, that is, the black and white picture.

27. Luminosity

Replace the brightness value of the underlying image with the brightness value of the current layer, while the hue value and saturation remain unchanged. The parameters that determine the generated color include: the hue and saturation of the base color, and the lightness of the mixed layer color. It is just the opposite of the color mode, so the mixed color picture can only affect the lightness and darkness of the picture, but cannot affect the color of the base color, except for black, white, and gray.

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