Detailed explanation of PHP-FPM's Chroot execution environment, detailed explanation of php-fpmchroot_PHP tutorial

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Release: 2016-07-13 09:45:13
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Detailed explanation of the Chroot execution environment of PHP-FPM, detailed explanation of php-fpmchroot

Setting up chroot in PHP-FPM has a good isolation effect and improves system security, but it must It is a bit difficult to establish a reasonable PHP-FPM Chroot environment, which is more troublesome than using tools such as debootstrap. Here, by referring to relevant information, the Chroot execution environment of PHP-FPM is sorted out and shared with everyone.

This article takes Ubuntu 14.04.2 as an example. php-fpm uses the PHP5.6 version provided by ppa:ondrej/php5-5.6, which should be consistent with the php-fpm and system directory structure of the system and the Debian system. of. Please adjust CentOS yourself.

The chroot environment configuration of php-fpm is not related to the server front-end used, nor does it require Apache/Nginx to perform chroot. Of course that's safer - and more complicated.

1. Establish directory structure

The directory selection for chroot is /var/www/chroot, and the page file is placed in /var/www/chroot/public.

Execute the following command to establish the basic directory structure:

bash
mkdir -p /var/www/chroot/
cd /var/www/chroot
mkdir -p public bin dev tmp usr/sbin/ usr/share/zoneinfo/ var/run/nscd/ var/lib/php5/sessions var/www
cp -a /dev/zero /dev/urandom /dev/null dev/ #注3
chmod --reference=/tmp tmp/
chmod --reference=/var/lib/php5/sessions var/lib/php5/sessions #注4
chown -R root:root .     #注2
chown -R www-data:www-data public/ #注2
cd var/www
ln -s ../.. chroot     #注1
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The following is the directory structure at this time, and some new things will be added later:

/var/www/chroot/
├── bin
├── dev
│ ├── null
│ ├── urandom
│ └── zero
├── public
├── tmp
├── usr
│ ├── sbin
│ └── share
│ └── zoneinfo
└── var
 ├── lib
 │ └── php5
 │ └── sessions
 ├── run
 │ └── nscd
 └── www
 └── chroot -> ../.. #注1

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Note 1: This soft link is used to solve the problem that the SCRIPT_FILENAME passed to php-fpm by Apache/nginx cannot find the file after entering the chroot (accessing the php page returns "File not found").

Taking nginx as an example, SCRIPT_FILENAME is usually set to $document_root$fastcgi_script_name, and the script path passed to php-fpm is /var/www/chroot/public/index.php. Since php-fpm is in a chroot environment, the path it actually tries to access becomes /var/www/chroot /var/www/chroot/public/index.php, which of course does not exist.

So use a soft connection to link /var/www/chroot in the chroot environment to the root directory, and you can access the script normally.

Of course you can also set SCRIPT_FILENAME to /public$fastcgi_script_name . However, such hard coding is not conducive to configuration migration and can only be used in a chroot environment. If you switch back to a non-chroot environment, you need to modify the configuration. So it is not recommended to do this. (By the way, there are many old tutorials that do not use $document_root and directly hardcode the root directory, which is of course not advisable)

Note 2: The chroot environment is not 100% safe. Since the execution permission of php-fpm in a chroot environment is www-data, it is still recommended to set the owner of non-essential directories to root to reduce unnecessary access permissions. chroot does not equal security, refer to some principles listed in chroot best practices. From a safer perspective, it is best to remove the read and write permissions of bin, lib, sbin and other directories, leaving only executable permissions, but there is no big difference...

Note 3: In addition to copying the file content, cp -a will also copy the file permissions, mode and other information. It can be easily used to directly copy the three key device files zero, urandom and null. mknod seems to be a more reliable method, but cp -a seems to be fine for me to use.

Note 4: chmod --reference=XXX will refer to XXX's permissions to set subsequent permissions. I won’t mention tmp. The key is that the following var/lib/php5/sessions is the directory where PHP stores session files, and www-data needs to have read and write permissions. It is recommended to take a look at it after setting it up. Of course there will be testing later.

2.PHP-FPM configuration

Create a new php-fpm execution pool to build a chroot environment. It is not recommended to modify php-fpm.conf directly, because this takes effect globally. If there are multiple PHP sites, they will share a chroot environment.

In fact, many php-fpm tutorials ignore the configuration of the php-fpm pool, causing many people to share a set of configurations for all sites on a server, especially a set of php.ini configurations. In fact, Unreasonable. The pool should be created separately according to the needs of the site and the parameters should be adjusted in it.

Create a new chroot.conf under /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/ (note that it must end with .conf to be called by php-fpm.conf):

[chroot]
user = www-data
group = www-data
listen = /var/run/php-chroot.sock
listen.owner = www-data
listen.group = www-data

pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 5
pm.start_servers = 1
pm.min_spare_servers = 1
pm.max_spare_servers = 3

chroot = /var/www/chroot
chdir = /public
;security.limit_extensions = .php
php_flag[display_errors] = on
php_value[date.timezone] = Asia/Hong_Kong
;php_admin_value[session.gc_probability] = 1
;php_admin_value[open_basedir] = "/tmp/:/public/:/var/www/chroot/public/"

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The previous parameters are relatively familiar. You only need to simply set chroot to the configured environment root directory to enable chroot. After testing it by executing php5-fpm -t, use service php5-fpm reload to enable the new pool. Of course, the backend must be set up in the corresponding configuration of Apache/nginx.

Mention the last few lines. The fourth to last line turns on display_errors so that you can test the function of PHP under chroot later. Remember to comment it out after testing.

Set session.gc_probability to allow the PHP process to delete and recycle the session by itself. Normally, the session is cleaned by the cron task added by PHP, but it seems that PHP will not automatically clean the session in the chroot environment. Of course, you can also add an automatically executed script under cron.d to clean it yourself, so there is no need to turn on this option.

3. Repair various functions of PHP in Chroot environment

Create a new test.php under /var/www/chroot/public and write the following content:

Copy code The code is as follows:
php
session_start();
header( "Content-Type: text/plain" );
echo( gethostbyname( "localhost" )."n" );
print_r( getdate() );
mail( "your@address", "subject", "message" );

这里主要测试的功能是:session、DNS解析、时间和日期、邮件mail()函数。

访问上面的测试页面,提示No such directory or file或者Permission denied说明session配置不正确。 gethostbyname 返回的不是127.0.0.1或者::1,则说明DNS解析没有生效。提示 timezone database is corrupt 之类的,说明时间和日期有错误。mail()也会有各种错误提示。

session就不提了,设置好目录权限就没有问题。主要处理一下后面三个问题,也是php的chroot环境主要需要处理的内容。

3.1 域名解析/时区等问题

mail()的解决方法大同小异,放后面谈。前面的域名解析等问题这里我介绍两种解决方法。方法1是参考Kienzl的简便方法,方法2是大部分教程采用的方法。

方法1:使用nscd

nscd是(e)glibc的“Name Service Caching Daemon”。除了处理gethostbyname()这样的函数外,也处理getpwnam()等需要访问/etc/passwd的函数。(e)glibc访问nscd的unix socket, /var/run/nscd/socket 来通过nscd获取这些内容,如果不能连接到nscd则转而自行进行解析。

也就是说,只要装好nscd,并且让chroot环境里的程序能够访问到socket连接上nscd,就可以把chroot环境内的解析请求转由chroot外顺利进行了。由于/var/run一般是tmpfs,硬链接无法跨文件系统使用,所以可以使用 mount -bind 来把/var/run/nscd目录mount到chroot环境中同样的位置去即可。

同样的道理,用 mount -bind 把/usr/share/zoneinfo目录mount到chroot环境里,配合在php-fpm的pool里设置date.timezone就可以非常直接而暴力的解决时区问题。

先执行 apt-get install nscd 安装nscd,然后为了能够让 mount -bind 自动执行,把下面的脚本存为 /etc/init.d/php-chroot

bash
#!/bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:  php5-fpm-chroot-setup
# Required-Start: nscd
# Required-Stop:
# Default-Start:  2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: Bind-mounts needed sockets and data into a php-fpm-chroot
### END INIT INFO
CHROOT=/var/www/chroot
DIRS="/var/run/nscd /usr/share/zoneinfo"
case "$1" in
 start)
 $0 stop 2>/dev/null
 for d in $DIRS; do
  mkdir -p "${CHROOT}${d}"
  mount --bind -o ro "${d}" "${CHROOT}${d}"
 done
 ;; 
 stop) 
 for d in $DIRS; do
  umount "${CHROOT}${d}"
 done
 ;; 
 *)
 echo "Usage: $N {start|stop}" >&2
 exit 1
 ;;
esac
exit 0

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执行 update-rc.d php-chroot defaults 来让脚本在启动时执行。如果有多个chroot环境以及多个目录需要bind-mount,可以自行添加一个循环改写。

这个方法的好处是简单易行,不需要拷贝大量etc下的配置文件和库文件到chroot环境中。使用nscd在解决域名访问的问题过程中也顺道解决了/etc/passwd和/etc/group。但是bind-mount和nscd的安全性尚没有确切的说法,只能说so far so good。另外 mount -bind 会消耗一定的系统资源,有评论称大约一个mount 大概会消耗500k内存,所以对于大量的chroot环境(几百个)不见得适合。

方法2:拷贝/etc配置文件和库文件

这是最传统而常用的方法,也相对比较复杂。到底拷贝哪些配置、哪些库文件因发行版和软件版本而异,很难有定论也不好调试。而且一旦系统升级,对应的库文件也需要进行更新,工作量很大。我没有采用这个方法,但是简要的介绍一些比较靠谱的方法分享一下。

域名解析。需要拷贝/etc/resolv.conf,/etc/hosts,/etc/nsswitch.conf到chroot环境下的etc目录下。还需要拷贝一系列的库文件,主要是libnss_*.so,libresolv.so,libsoftokn3.so。具体libnss_*.so拷贝哪些,可以打开nsswitch.conf看列出了哪些。

时区配置。拷贝/etc/localtime,/usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab,和/usr/share/zoneinfo目录下所使用时区的文件。

其它常用配置。/etc/passwd和/etc/group有时也是需要的,但是内容 似乎可以伪造 ,至少可以选择性的填写不用完全拷贝主系统里的。

如果使用的时候仍然出现问题,可以使用strace来查看php进行了哪些调用使用了哪些库文件。先执行:

复制代码 代码如下:
bash
ps aux | grep php | grep 'chroot' #chroot是php的pool名

查看pool的进程pid(可以在pool设置里先把子进程数目限制到1个方便调试)。然后执行:

bash
strace -p 进程pid -o chroot1.txt& #有多个子进程就修改pid执行多次,输出改为chroot2/3.txt存到不同文件里
此时在页面里执行各种函数,然后查看输出文件里记录了哪些库文件,对应拷贝到chroot环境里即可。

这个方法很麻烦,尤其是第一次安装设置和后续系统更新时。当然身为运维人员写写shell脚本简化工作肯定是基本功了。这种方法没有额外的内存消耗,可以部署大量chroot环境,当然硬盘消耗会高一点,而且安全性也经历了长久的考验

3.2 修复mail()

如果是使用WordPress,也可以利用MailChimp等插件不使用系统自身的邮件服务。事实上因为垃圾邮件的标准日益严格,和VPS主机商的限制,我现在更倾向于干脆不在系统里部署邮件服务了,所以php的mail()函数算是被废掉了……当然如果需要的话也可以很简单的设置好的。

php的mail()函数是使用system()调用sendmail进行邮件发送操作,所以需要chroot环境里有能够调用的sendmail程序即可。常见的替代品是mini_sendmail,这里多介绍ssmtp,msmtp也类似。

前提:处理/bin/sh

system()调用产生的命令行是 /bin/sh -c command 。在chroot环境中调用外部程序必须存在/bin/sh,一个基本的shell。通常选择拷贝dash:

复制代码 代码如下:
bash
#cp /bin/dash /var/www/chroot/bin/sh

注意运行 ldd /bin/dash 观察需要拷贝哪些库文件。我这里的回显是:

复制代码 代码如下:
bash
ldd /bin/dash
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff779fe000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f165620f000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f16567fc000)

第一条那个只列了个文件名,=>后面也没有文件的基本上都是不用管的。剩下的库文件基本的原则是如果列出的是/lib64,就拷贝到chroot环境下的/lib64,如果列出的是/lib,虽然有很多发行版,大部分库文件包括libc.so是在/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/目录下的,也直接拷贝到chroot环境的/lib目录下即可,是可以正常找到的。

但是!

前面那句 “必须存在/bin/sh,一个基本的shell” 其实并不是真的,对于mail()只要有一个能接受-c参数调用后面的命令的程序就可以了。所以Kienzl写了这样一个程序:

c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define MAXARG 64
int main( int argc, char* const argv[] ) {
 char* args[ MAXARG ] = {};
 if( argc < 3 || strcmp( argv[1], "-c" ) != 0 ) {
 fprintf( stderr, "Usage: %s -c <cmd>\n", argv[0] ); 
 return 1;
 }
 {
 char* token;
 int i = 0; 
 char* argStr = strdup( argv[2] );
 while( ( token = strsep( &argStr, " " ) ) != NULL ) {
  if( token && strlen( token ) )
  args[ i++ ] = token;
  if( i >= MAXARG )
  return 2;
 }
 } 
 return execvp( args[0], args );
}

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保存成sh.c执行: gcc sh.c -o sh -static 然后把sh拷贝到chroot环境的/bin目录下即可。

这样一个不完全的shell从一定程度上也算是增强了chroot环境的安全性了。

方法1:使用mini_sendmail

mini_sendmail似乎专为chroot环境而生。调用mini_sendmail后,它会转而访问本机的25端口,通过本机的邮件服务来发送邮件。所以如果主环境有安装postfix/exim4等邮件服务的话可以使用mini_sendmail来在chroot环境中发送邮件,这是最简单的方法。

mini_sendmail的安装很简单:

复制代码 代码如下:
bash
wget http://www.acme.com/software/mini_sendmail/mini_sendmail-1.3.8.tar.gz
tar zxf mini_sendmail-1.3.8.tar.gz
cd mini_sendmail-1.3.8
make
cp mini_sendmail /var/www/chroot/usr/sbin/sendmail

最后一行自行修改chroot环境的目录。切记要拷贝到chroot环境的/usr/sbin目录下并且命名为sendmail。否则的话要在pool里自行设置ini参数的sendmail_path来指导php找到sendmail程序。

由于mini_sendmail默认就是静态链接,所以也无需拷贝其它的库文件了。

方法2:使用ssmtp/msmtp

对于本机没有安装邮件服务的情况,就不能使用mini_sendmail了。ssmtp和msmtp都支持把接收到的邮件发送请求转而通过其它SMTP服务器来发送。需要注意的是由于ssl支持需要更多更复杂的库文件和配置,所以不建议为两者编译ssl支持……下面以ssmtp为例介绍一下。

bash
wget ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/s/ssmtp/ssmtp_2.64.orig.tar.bz2
tar jxf ssmtp_2.64.orig.tar.bz2
cd ssmtp_2.64
./configure --prefix=/ #别忘了prefix
make     #千万别手抖make install
cp ssmtp /var/www/chroot/usr/sbin
mkdir -p /var/www/chroot/etc/ssmtp
cp ssmtp.conf revaliases /var/www/chroot/etc/ssmtp #配置文件
cd /var/www/chroot/usr/sbin
ln -s ssmtp sendmail
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同样记得ldd然后把对应的库文件拷贝过去。另外ssmtp需要/etc/passwd和/etc/group,如果上面没有使用nscd需要拷贝/伪造这两个文件。

ssmtp需要配置。ssmtp.conf文件配置如下:

bash
root=admin@example.com  #其实这行好像可以乱写

mailhub=smtp.example.com  #smtp服务器地址
hostname=myexample.com  #此处的hostname似乎会用于产生默认的“root@myexample.com”形式的发件人地址
AuthUser=admin@example.com #此处使用真实的登录用户名
AuthPass=password   #密码
FromLineOverride=YES   #允许改写发件人

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revaliases里配置每个用户在使用ssmtp时使用的“发件人”地址和smtp服务器地址。可以不配置,但是文件要有。具体格式是:

复制代码 代码如下:
bash
# 本地用户名:发件人地址:smtp服务器[:端口(默认25)]
root:admin@example.com:smtp.example.com
www-data:noreply@example.com:smtp.example.com

可以使用chroot(指真正的chroot命令)做个测试:

复制代码 代码如下:
bash
chroot /var/www/chroot /bin/sh #此时/bin/sh一定要是真正的shell
echo "Subject: test"|sendmail -v username@server.com #替换邮件地址为自己的

此时php的mail()函数应该就可用了。

4.其它问题

配置完chroot环境后记得将php的pool设置里display_error关闭。
MySQL的连接可能会遇到问题 ,因为如果填写localhost的话php会试图寻找MySQL的unix socket来访问mysqld。填写127.0.0.1通过TCP连接就没有问题了
完成后的目录结构,以我为例给大家参考一下:

/var/www/chroot/
├── bin
│ └── sh
├── dev
│ ├── null
│ ├── urandom
│ └── zero
├── etc
│ └── ssmtp
│ ├── revaliases
│ └── ssmtp.conf
├── lib
│ └── libc.so.6
├── lib64
│ └── ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
├── public
├── tmp
├── usr
│ ├── sbin
│ │ ├── sendmail -> ssmtp
| │ └── ssmtp
│ └── share
│ └── zoneinfo
│  ├── 大量时区的目录结构
│  └── zone.tab
└── var
 ├── lib
 │ └── php5
 │ └── sessions
 ├── run
 │ └── nscd
 │ ├── nscd.pid
 │ └── socket
 └── www
 └── chroot -> ../..
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以上就是本文的全部内容,希望大家喜欢。

www.bkjia.comtruehttp://www.bkjia.com/PHPjc/1042681.htmlTechArticlePHP-FPM之Chroot执行环境详解,php-fpmchroot详解 在PHP-FPM中设立chroot,有很好的隔离作用,提高系统安全性,但是要想建立一个合理的PHP-FPM Chr...
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