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HTTP范围请求允许将HTTP消息的一部分从服务器发送到客户端。例如,部分请求可用于大型媒体或下载具有暂停和恢复功能的文件。

检查服务器是否支持部分请求

如果Accept-Ranges存在于HTTP响应中(并且其值不是“none”),则服务器支持范围请求。例如,您可以通过发出一个HEAD请求和cURL 来检查。

curl -I http://i.imgur.com/z4d4kWk.jpg HTTP/1.1 200 OK...Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 146515

在此响应中,Accept-Ranges: bytes指示字节可用作单位来定义范围。这里Content-Length头部也很有用,因为它表示要检索的图像的完整大小。

如果网站忽略Accept-Ranges头部,他们可能不支持部分请求。有些网站还明确发送“none”作为价值,表示不支持。在某些应用程序中,下载管理器在这种情况下禁用它们的暂停按钮。

curl -I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwTZ2xpQwpA HTTP/1.1 200 OK...Accept-Ranges: none

从服务器请求特定范围

如果服务器支持范围请求,则可以使用Range标题发出此类请求。它表示服务器应该返回的文档的部分。

单个零件范围

我们可以从资源请求一个范围。再次,我们可以使用cURL来测试请求。“-H”选项将向请求附加一个标题行,在这种情况下,该Range标题是请求前1024个字节的标题。

curl http://i.imgur.com/z4d4kWk.jpg -i -H "Range: bytes=0-1023"

发出的请求如下所示:

GET /z4d4kWk.jpg HTTP/1.1Host: i.imgur.com Range: bytes=0-1023

服务器响应206Partial Content状态:

HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content Content-Range: bytes 0-1023/146515Content-Length: 1024...(binary content)

Content-Length报头现在指示所请求的范围的大小(而不是图像的全尺寸)。的Content-Range响应报头指示,其中在全资源此部分消息所属。

多部分范围

Range头还允许您在多文档中同时获得多个范围。范围用逗号分隔。

curl http://www.example.com -i -H "Range: bytes=0-50, 100-150"

服务器响应206Partial Content状态和Content-Type: multipart/byteranges; boundary=3d6b6a416f9b5标题,指示多部分字节范围如下。每部分包含其自己的Content-TypeContent-Range领域以及所需的边界参数指定用于每个本体部分分开的边界字符串。

HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content Content-Type: multipart/byteranges; boundary=3d6b6a416f9b5 Content-Length: 282--3d6b6a416f9b5 Content-Type: text/html Content-Range: bytes 0-50/1270 Example Do--3d6b6a416f9b5 Content-Type: text/html Content-Range: bytes 100-150/1270eta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; c--3d6b6a416f9b5--</pre>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <h3>有条件的范围请求</h3>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <p>当恢复请求资源的更多部分时,您需要确保自从收到最后一个片段以来,存储的资源未被修改。</p>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <p>的<code>If-Range</code>HTTP请求报头使得范围请求的条件:如果条件被满足,该范围的请求将被发出,并且服务器发送回一个<code>206</code><code>Partial Content</code>与适当的身体的答案。如果条件未满足,则会返回具有<code>200</code><code>OK</code>状态的完整资源。这个头文件可以与<code>Last-Modified</code>验证器一起使用,也可以与一个<code>ETag</code>,但不与两者一起使用。</p>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <pre class="prism-token token  language-javascript">If-Range: Wed, 21 Oct 2015 07:28:00 GMT</pre>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <h2>部分请求响应</h2>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <p>在处理范围请求时,有三种相关的状态:</p>
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          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <ul class="ul-level-0 list-paddingleft-2" style="margin: 10px 0px 10px 20px;">
             <li><p>如果成功请求范围,<code>206</code><code>Partial Content</code>状态将从服务器返回。</p></li>
            </ul>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <ul class="ul-level-0 list-paddingleft-2" style="margin: 10px 0px 10px 20px;">
             <li><p>如果范围请求超出范围(范围值与资源的范围重叠),则服务器以<code>416</code><code>Requested Range Not Satisfiable</code>状态进行响应。</p></li>
            </ul>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <ul class="ul-level-0 list-paddingleft-2" style="margin: 10px 0px 10px 20px;">
             <li><p>如果不支持范围请求,则<code>200</code><code>OK</code>状态将从服务器发回。</p></li>
            </ul>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <h2>比较分块<code>Transfer-Encoding</code></h2>
           </div>
          </div>
          <div class="doc-postil">
           <div class="c-markdown">
            <p>的<code>Transfer-Encoding</code>报头允许分块编码,其有用的,当大量数据被发送到客户端和响应是未知的,直到请求已被完全处理的总大小。服务器立即向客户端发送数据,而不会缓冲响应或确定确切的长度,从而延长了延迟时间。范围请求和分块是兼容的,可以使用或不使用对方。</p>
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