PHP でループ クエリのサブカテゴリを効率的に実装するいくつかの方法

function getSubcategories($category_id) {
    $subcategories = [];
    $query = "SELECT id, name FROM categories WHERE parent_id = $category_id";
    $result = mysqli_query($connection, $query);
    
    while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
        $subcategories[] = $row;
        $subcategories = array_merge($subcategories, getSubcategories($row['id']));
    }
    
    return $subcategories;
}

$category_id = 1;
$subcategories = getSubcategories($category_id);
print_r($subcategories);

$categories = [];

$fetchCategories = function ($parent_id) use (&$fetchCategories, &$categories) {
    $query = "SELECT id, name FROM categories WHERE parent_id = $parent_id";
    $result = mysqli_query($connection, $query);

    while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
        $categories[] = $row;
        $fetchCategories($row['id']);
    }
};

$fetchCategories(1);
print_r($categories);

$query = "SELECT id, name, parent_id FROM categories";
$result = mysqli_query($connection, $query);

$categories = [];
while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
    $categories[$row['id']] = $row;
}

$nestedCategories = [];
foreach ($categories as $id => $category) {
    if ($category['parent_id'] == 0) {
        $nestedCategories[$id] = $category;
    } else {
        $categories[$category['parent_id']]['children'][$id] = $category;
    }
}

print_r($nestedCategories);