Python の関数パラメーター受け渡しメソッド *args、**kwargs など

 def the_func(greeting, thing):
 print(greeting + ' ' + thing)
 
 the_func('hello', thing='world')

the_func('hello', 'world')# -> 'hello world'
the_func('world', 'hello')# -> 'world hello'
the_func(greeting='hello', thing='world') # -> 'hello world'
the_func(thing='world', greeting='hello') # -> 'hello world'
the_func('hello', thing='world')# -> 'hello world'

def multiply(a, b, args):
result = a * b
for arg in args:
result = result * arg
return result

multiply(1, 2)# returns 2
multiply(1, 2, 3, 4)# returns 24

def introduce(firstname, lastname, **kwargs):
introduction = f"I am {firstname} {lastname}"
for key, value in kwargs.items():
introduction += f" my {key} is {value} "
return introduction

 print(introduce(firstname='mike', lastname='huls'))
 # returns "I am mike huls"
 
 print(introduce(firstname='mike', lastname='huls', age=33, website='mikehuls.com'))
 # I am mike huls my age is 33 my website is overfit.cn

 def transfer_money(*, from_account:str, to_account:str, amount:int):
 print(f'Transfering ${amount} FORM {from_account} to {to_account}')
 
 transfer_money(from_account='1234', to_account='6578', amount=9999)
 # won't work: TypeError: transfer_money() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 positional argument (and 2 keyword-only arguments) were given
 transfer_money('1234', to_account='6578', amount=9999)
 # won't work: TypeError: transfer_money() takes 0 positional arguments but 3 were given
 transfer_money('1234', '6578', 9999)

 def the_func(arg1:str, arg2:str, /):
 print(f'provided {arg1=}, {arg2=}')
 
 # These work:
 the_func('num1', 'num2')
 the_func('num2', 'num1')
 
 # won't work: TypeError: the_func() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg1, arg2'
 the_func(arg1='num1', arg2='num2')
 # won't work: TypeError: the_func() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg2'
 the_func('num1', arg2='num2')

def exceeds_100_bytes(x, /) -> bool:
 return x.__sizeof__() > 100
 
 exceeds_100_bytes('a')
 exceeds_100_bytes({'a'})

 def len_new(x, /, *, no_duplicates=False):
 if (no_duplicates):
 return len(list(set([a for a in x])))
 return len(x)

print(len_new('aabbcc'))# returns 6
 print(len_new('aabbcc', no_duplicates=True))# returns 3
 print(len_new([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], no_duplicates=False)) # returns 6
 print(len_new([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], no_duplicates=True))# returns 3
 
 # Won't work: TypeError: len_() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'x'
 print(len_new(x=[1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]))
 # Won't work: TypeError: len_new() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given
 print(len_new([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], True))

 def the_func(pos_only1, pos_only2, /, pos_or_kw1, pos_or_kw2, *, kw1, kw2, **extra_kw):
 # cannot be passed kwarg <-- | --> can be passed 2 ways | --> can only be passed by kwarg
 print(f"{pos_only1=}, {pos_only2=}, {pos_or_kw1=}, {pos_or_kw2=}, {kw1=}, {kw2=}, {extra_kw=}")

# works (pos_or_kw1 & pow_or_k2 can be passed positionally and by kwarg)
 pos_only1='pos1', pos_only2='pos2', pos_or_kw1='pk1', pos_or_kw2='pk2', kw1='kw1', kw2='kw2', extra_kw={}
 pos_only1='pos1', pos_only2='pos2', pos_or_kw1='pk1', pos_or_kw2='pk2', kw1='kw1', kw2='kw2', extra_kw={}
 pos_only1='pos1', pos_only2='pos2', pos_or_kw1='pk1', pos_or_kw2='pk2', kw1='kw1', kw2='kw2', extra_kw={'kw_extra1': 'extra_kw1'}
 
 # doesnt work, (pos1 and pos2 cannot be passed with kwarg)
 # the_func(pos_only1='pos1', pos_only2='pos2', pos_or_kw1='pk1', pos_or_kw2='pk2', kw1='kw1', kw2='kw2')
 
 # doesnt work, (kw1 and kw2 cannot be passed positionally)
 # the_func('pos1', 'pos2', 'pk1', 'pk2', 'kw1', 'kw2')

def func(x,/,y,,z,**k):