What are the alternatives to error handling in C++ functions?

Alternatives to error handling: Exception mechanism: Use try-catch blocks to handle exceptions. The advantage is that it is easy to read, but the disadvantage is that it may lead to exception transmission; Error code: Use a specific value to indicate errors. The advantage is that the control is detailed, and the disadvantage is that The error code needs to be checked in the caller.

Alternatives for Error Handling in C Functions

In C, there are basically two ways to handle function exceptions:

1. Exception mechanism: Use try and catch blocks to catch and handle errors.
2. Error code: Use a specific value or code to indicate an error, such as errno.

Exception mechanism

try {
  // 可能引发异常的代码
}
catch (std::exception& e) {
  // 处理异常
}

Advantages:

• Allows error handling at any called location .
• Provide a clear and easy-to-read error handling mechanism.

Disadvantages:

• May cause exceptions to be passed to unexpected callers.
• Increases code complexity and execution overhead.

Error code

int myFunction() {
  // 执行操作并设置错误码
  if (条件) {
    return -1;  // 错误码
  } else {
    return 0;  // 成功码
  }
}

Advantages:

• Allows fine-grained control of errors.
• Avoid exception delivery and overhead.

Disadvantages:

• Error handling code can be difficult to read and maintain.
• The error code must be checked in the caller.

Practical case

Suppose there is a readFile function, which may cause std::ifstream::failureException:

std::ifstream readFile(const std::string& filename) {
  std::ifstream file(filename);
  if (!file.is_open()) {
    throw std::ifstream::failure("无法打开文件");
  }
  return file;
}

Use exception mechanism:

try {
  std::ifstream file = readFile("example.txt");
  // 使用 file
}
catch (std::ifstream::failure& e) {
  // 处理错误
}

Use error code:

int result = readFile("example.txt");
if (result == -1) {
  // 处理错误
} else {
  std::ifstream file(result);
  // 使用 file
}

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