How to write foreign key constraints when creating a table in MySQL

To display all databases in MySQL, you need to use the SHOWDATABASES command; 1. After logging into the MySQL server, you can execute the SHOWDATABASES; command to list all databases that the current user has permission to access; 2. System databases such as information_schema, mysql, performance_schema and sys exist by default, but users with insufficient permissions may not be able to see it; 3. You can also query and filter the database through SELECTSCHEMA_NAMEFROMinformation_schema.SCHEMATA; for example, excluding the system database to only display the database created by users; make sure to use

To add a primary key to an existing table, use the ALTERTABLE statement with the ADDPRIMARYKEY clause. 1. Ensure that the target column has no NULL value, no duplication and is defined as NOTNULL; 2. The single-column primary key syntax is ALTERTABLE table name ADDPRIMARYKEY (column name); 3. The multi-column combination primary key syntax is ALTERTABLE table name ADDPRIMARYKEY (column 1, column 2); 4. If the column allows NULL, you must first execute MODIFY to set NOTNULL; 5. Each table can only have one primary key, and the old primary key must be deleted before adding; 6. If you need to increase it yourself, you can use MODIFY to set AUTO_INCREMENT. Ensure data before operation

Check whether the MySQL service is running, use sudosystemctlstatusmysql to confirm and start; 2. Make sure that bind-address is set to 0.0.0.0 to allow remote connections and restart the service; 3. Verify whether the 3306 port is open, check and configure the firewall rules to allow the port; 4. For the "Accessdenied" error, you need to check the user name, password and host name, and then log in to MySQL and query the mysql.user table to confirm permissions. If necessary, create or update the user and authorize it, such as using 'your_user'@'%'; 5. If authentication is lost due to caching_sha2_password

Using mysqldump is the most common and effective way to back up MySQL databases. It can generate SQL scripts containing table structure and data. 1. The basic syntax is: mysqldump-u[user name]-p[database name]>backup_file.sql. After execution, enter the password to generate a backup file. 2. Back up multiple databases with --databases option: mysqldump-uroot-p--databasesdb1db2>multiple_dbs_backup.sql. 3. Back up all databases with --all-databases: mysqldump-uroot-p

B-TreeindexesarebestformostPHPapplications,astheysupportequalityandrangequeries,sorting,andareidealforcolumnsusedinWHERE,JOIN,orORDERBYclauses;2.Full-Textindexesshouldbeusedfornaturallanguageorbooleansearchesontextfieldslikearticlesorproductdescripti

UNIONremovesduplicateswhileUNIONALLkeepsallrowsincludingduplicates;1.UNIONperformsdeduplicationbysortingandcomparingrows,returningonlyuniqueresults,whichmakesitsloweronlargedatasets;2.UNIONALLincludeseveryrowfromeachquerywithoutcheckingforduplicates,

TheINoperatorinMySQLchecksifavaluematchesanyinaspecifiedlist,simplifyingmultipleORconditions;itworkswithliterals,strings,dates,andsubqueries,improvesqueryreadability,performswellonindexedcolumns,supportsNOTIN(withcautionforNULLs),andcanbecombinedwith

You can customize the separator by using the SEPARATOR keyword in the GROUP_CONCAT() function; 1. Use SEPARATOR to specify a custom separator, such as SEPARATOR'; 'The separator can be changed to a semicolon and plus space; 2. Common examples include using the pipe character '|', space'', line break character '\n' or custom string '->' as the separator; 3. Note that the separator must be a string literal or expression, and the result length is limited by the group_concat_max_len variable, which can be adjusted by SETSESSIONgroup_concat_max_len=10000; 4. SEPARATOR is optional