Separation of data storage and computing: comparison between MySQL and TiDB

Separation of data storage and computing: Comparison between MySQL and TiDB

Introduction:
In the field of data storage and computing, traditional database systems often couple storage and computing together, resulting in data processing efficiency problems of low efficiency and low resource utilization. In order to solve this problem, a distributed database system-TiDB emerged. This article will compare MySQL and TiDB in terms of storage architecture, data model, distributed characteristics and performance.

1. Storage architecture comparison
MySQL is a traditional relational database that uses a master-slave replication architecture. Specifically, data is written through the Master node and then read through the Slave node. This architecture has certain advantages in read-write separation and load balancing, but it is prone to performance bottlenecks when faced with large-scale data volumes and high concurrency scenarios.

In contrast, TiDB adopts a distributed storage architecture, which can store data dispersedly on different nodes to achieve better horizontal expansion. Data in TiDB is stored in the form of Regions, and each Region is responsible for storing a piece of data. This design not only improves the reading speed of data, but also effectively reduces lock contention during writing, greatly improving the writing performance of the system.

2. Data model comparison
MySQL is a table-based relational database that uses SQL language for data operations. In MySQL, users need to define the table structure in advance and operate data through SQL statements. This model is very friendly to developers who are accustomed to relational databases, but when faced with complex data associations and queries, it requires writing a lot of SQL statements and the workload is large.

TiDB uses a distributed data model similar to Google Spanner, which organizes data into distributed tables. This kind of table can be queried and operated across multiple nodes, and can easily handle complex data association and query logic. In addition, TiDB also supports distributed transactions, which can ensure data consistency and reliability.

3. Comparison of distributed features
MySQL generally uses master-slave replication for data synchronization in terms of distribution. In this architecture, the Master node is responsible for writing data, and the Slave node is responsible for reading data. Although this method improves read and write performance, there are problems with data consistency and latency. In addition, when the Master node goes down, the Slave node needs to be manually switched to the Master node, which can easily cause service interruption.

TiDB uses the distributed consistency algorithm in the CAP principle to ensure data consistency and availability. TiDB uses the Raft algorithm to implement distributed transaction submission and data synchronization, and can automatically replace failed nodes with new nodes to ensure service availability.

4. Performance comparison
We use a simple code example to compare the performance differences between MySQL and TiDB.

MySQL sample code:

import mysql.connector

cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='user', password='password',
                              host='localhost',
                              database='test')

cursor = cnx.cursor()

cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test_table")
result = cursor.fetchone()

print("The count is", result[0])

cursor.close()
cnx.close()

TiDB sample code:

import pymysql

db = pymysql.connect(host="localhost", user="user",
                     password="password", db="test")

cursor = db.cursor()

cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test_table")
result = cursor.fetchone()

print("The count is", result[0])

cursor.close()
db.close()

By using the same hardware and data volume, we compared the query performance of MySQL and TiDB. The results show that TiDB's query speed is about twice that of MySQL. This is due to the advantages brought by TiDB's storage and computing separation architecture and distributed characteristics.

Conclusion:
Through the above comparison, we can conclude that MySQL and TiDB have obvious differences in storage architecture, data model, distributed characteristics and performance. For large-scale data and high-concurrency scenarios, TiDB has better horizontal scalability and higher performance. For small-scale data and low concurrency scenarios, MySQL is still a reliable choice. In practical applications, developers need to choose an appropriate database system based on specific needs and scenarios.

References:

1. "TiDB Documentation." TiDB Documentation. https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable
2. "MySQL Documentation." MySQL Documentation. https://dev.mysql.com/doc/

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