Database High Availability Architecture Practice: Application in PHP Programming

With the development and continuous expansion of Web applications, databases have become the core of modern Web applications. Whether it’s e-commerce, social media, online gaming or blogging, there’s a huge need to store and process data. As the amount of data continues to grow, ensuring database high availability has increasingly become a critical issue. In this article, we will introduce how to use database high-availability architecture practices in PHP programming to ensure the availability and stability of the system.

1. What is database high availability architecture

Before understanding how to practice database high availability architecture, we need to first understand what database high availability architecture is. Simply put, database high availability architecture refers to a technical architecture that can ensure that the system remains running and available within a certain period of time. In order to achieve high availability, load balancing, fault tolerance, data backup and other measures are usually required at the architectural level.

Common high-availability architecture solutions include:

• Master-slave replication: There is a master server and multiple slave servers in the database. The master server is responsible for writing and the slave server is responsible for reading. and sync data. If the master server fails, the system will automatically switch to the slave server to ensure system availability.
• Distributed: Divide the database into multiple parts, and each part is deployed on a different server. Through load balancing, requests are distributed to different servers to ensure system availability.
• Cluster: Multiple servers are formed into a cluster to jointly process data through shared storage or network communication. When a server goes down, other servers will automatically take over to ensure stable operation of the system.

2. High-availability database architecture in practice

In PHP programming practice, in order to ensure the high availability and stability of the database, we can start from the following points Practice in this aspect.

2.1 Database master-slave replication

MySQL provides master-slave replication technology for data synchronization between the master server and the slave server. In PHP programming, we can use master-slave replication technology by configuring the IP addresses of the master-slave servers in the config.php file.

//主数据库
define('MYSQL_HOST', '127.0.0.1');
define('MYSQL_USER', 'root');
define('MYSQL_PASS', 'root');
define('MYSQL_DB', 'my_db');

//从数据库1
define('MYSQL_SLAVE1_HOST', '192.168.1.100');
define('MYSQL_SLAVE1_USER', 'slave_user');
define('MYSQL_SLAVE1_PASS', 'slave_pass');
define('MYSQL_SLAVE1_DB', 'my_db');

//从数据库2
define('MYSQL_SLAVE2_HOST', '192.168.1.101');
define('MYSQL_SLAVE2_USER', 'slave_user');
define('MYSQL_SLAVE2_PASS', 'slave_pass');
define('MYSQL_SLAVE2_DB', 'my_db');

In the code, the IP address of the master server is 127.0.0.1, the IP address of slave server 1 is 192.168.1.100, and the IP address of slave server 2 is 192.168.1.101. When the master server fails, the system will automatically switch to the slave server to ensure system continuity and availability.

2.2 Database sharding

When there is a bottleneck in the database, we can solve it through database sharding. Database sharding is to divide data into multiple parts according to certain rules and store them on different servers, thereby achieving horizontal segmentation of data and increasing database processing capabilities.

Suppose we have a user table, which contains the user's ID, username and password. If the amount of data in the user table is large, we can perform sharding processing based on user IDs. For example, users with IDs 1-10000 are stored on server 1, and users with IDs 10001-20000 are stored on server 2. analogy.

Database sharding requires us to perform special processing in programming. We use some key values ​​such as user IDs to calculate where the data is stored and how to find the data. It should be noted that the calculation method of sharding needs to be designed according to the specific situation to reduce the time and cost of data search as much as possible.

2.3 Database cluster

The database cluster processes data through a cluster composed of multiple servers. Load balancing technology can distribute requests to different servers to achieve data sharing and load balancing. In PHP programming, we can achieve load balancing and data sharing through the database middle layer.

Common database middle layers include:

• MySQL Proxy: A proxy server used to support MySQL. Coordinate the operation of multiple MySQL servers through a separate proxy server.
• MySQL Cluster: A distributed database based on MySQL, with high fault tolerance and high reliability. Multiple MySQL servers can be used to form a cluster to process data.

In addition to conventional load balancing and data sharing, database clusters also need to achieve data consistency and failover. That is, when a server goes down, the system can automatically transfer requests and keep data consistent.

3. Summary

Database high-availability architecture practices are crucial to ensuring the stability and availability of web applications. In practice, we can achieve high availability through master-slave replication, database sharding, and database clustering. In PHP programming, special attention needs to be paid to technical issues such as distributed computing, data consistency, and failover. Through these methods, we can build a highly available and reliable web application.

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