How to realize monocular 3D reconstruction based on python

def camera_calibration(ImagePath):
    # 循环中断
    criteria = (cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_EPS + cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_MAX_ITER, 30, 0.001)
    # 棋盘格尺寸（棋盘格的交叉点的个数）
    row = 11
    column = 8
    
    objpoint = np.zeros((row * column, 3), np.float32)
    objpoint[:, :2] = np.mgrid[0:row, 0:column].T.reshape(-1, 2)

    objpoints = []  # 3d point in real world space
    imgpoints = []  # 2d points in image plane.

    batch_images = glob.glob(ImagePath + '/*.jpg')
    for i, fname in enumerate(batch_images):
        img = cv2.imread(batch_images[i])
        imgGray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
        # find chess board corners
        ret, corners = cv2.findChessboardCorners(imgGray, (row, column), None)
        # if found, add object points, image points (after refining them)
        if ret:
            objpoints.append(objpoint)
            corners2 = cv2.cornerSubPix(imgGray, corners, (11, 11), (-1, -1), criteria)
            imgpoints.append(corners2)
            # Draw and display the corners
            img = cv2.drawChessboardCorners(img, (row, column), corners2, ret)
            cv2.imwrite('Checkerboard_Image/Temp_JPG/Temp_' + str(i) + '.jpg', img)

    print("成功提取:", len(batch_images), "张图片角点！")
    ret, mtx, dist, rvecs, tvecs = cv2.calibrateCamera(objpoints, imgpoints, imgGray.shape[::-1], None, None)

def epipolar_geometric(Images_Path, K):
    IMG = glob.glob(Images_Path)
    img1, img2 = cv2.imread(IMG[0]), cv2.imread(IMG[1])
    img1_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img1, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    img2_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img2, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # Initiate SURF detector
    SURF = cv2.xfeatures2d_SURF.create()

    # compute keypoint & descriptions
    keypoint1, descriptor1 = SURF.detectAndCompute(img1_gray, None)
    keypoint2, descriptor2 = SURF.detectAndCompute(img2_gray, None)
    print("角点数量：", len(keypoint1), len(keypoint2))

    # Find point matches
    bf = cv2.BFMatcher(cv2.NORM_L2, crossCheck=True)
    matches = bf.match(descriptor1, descriptor2)
    print("匹配点数量：", len(matches))

    src_pts = np.asarray([keypoint1[m.queryIdx].pt for m in matches])
    dst_pts = np.asarray([keypoint2[m.trainIdx].pt for m in matches])
    # plot
    knn_image = cv2.drawMatches(img1_gray, keypoint1, img2_gray, keypoint2, matches[:-1], None, flags=2)
    image_ = Image.fromarray(np.uint8(knn_image))
    image_.save("MatchesImage.jpg")

    # Constrain matches to fit homography
    retval, mask = cv2.findHomography(src_pts, dst_pts, cv2.RANSAC, 100.0)

    # We select only inlier points
    points1 = src_pts[mask.ravel() == 1]
    points2 = dst_pts[mask.ravel() == 1]

points1 = cart2hom(points1.T)
points2 = cart2hom(points2.T)
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2)
ax[0].autoscale_view('tight')
ax[0].imshow(cv2.cvtColor(img1, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
ax[0].plot(points1[0], points1[1], 'r.')
ax[1].autoscale_view('tight')
ax[1].imshow(cv2.cvtColor(img2, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
ax[1].plot(points2[0], points2[1], 'r.')
plt.savefig('MatchesPoints.jpg')
fig.show()
# 

points1n = np.dot(np.linalg.inv(K), points1)
points2n = np.dot(np.linalg.inv(K), points2)
E = compute_essential_normalized(points1n, points2n)
print('Computed essential matrix:', (-E / E[0][1]))

P1 = np.array([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0]])
P2s = compute_P_from_essential(E)

ind = -1
for i, P2 in enumerate(P2s):
    # Find the correct camera parameters
    d1 = reconstruct_one_point(points1n[:, 0], points2n[:, 0], P1, P2)
    # Convert P2 from camera view to world view
    P2_homogenous = np.linalg.inv(np.vstack([P2, [0, 0, 0, 1]]))
    d2 = np.dot(P2_homogenous[:3, :4], d1)
    if d1[2] > 0 and d2[2] > 0:
        ind = i

P2 = np.linalg.inv(np.vstack([P2s[ind], [0, 0, 0, 1]]))[:3, :4]
Points3D = linear_triangulation(points1n, points2n, P1, P2)

fig = plt.figure()
fig.suptitle('3D reconstructed', fontsize=16)
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.plot(Points3D[0], Points3D[1], Points3D[2], 'b.')
ax.set_xlabel('x axis')
ax.set_ylabel('y axis')
ax.set_zlabel('z axis')
ax.view_init(elev=135, azim=90)
plt.savefig('Reconstruction.jpg')
plt.show()

import cv2
import json
import numpy as np
import glob
from PIL import Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False


def cart2hom(arr):
    """ Convert catesian to homogenous points by appending a row of 1s
    :param arr: array of shape (num_dimension x num_points)
    :returns: array of shape ((num_dimension+1) x num_points) 
    """
    if arr.ndim == 1:
        return np.hstack([arr, 1])
    return np.asarray(np.vstack([arr, np.ones(arr.shape[1])]))


def compute_P_from_essential(E):
    """ Compute the second camera matrix (assuming P1 = [I 0])
        from an essential matrix. E = [t]R
    :returns: list of 4 possible camera matrices.
    """
    U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(E)

    # Ensure rotation matrix are right-handed with positive determinant
    if np.linalg.det(np.dot(U, V)) < 0:
        V = -V

    # create 4 possible camera matrices (Hartley p 258)
    W = np.array([[0, -1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
    P2s = [np.vstack((np.dot(U, np.dot(W, V)).T, U[:, 2])).T,
           np.vstack((np.dot(U, np.dot(W, V)).T, -U[:, 2])).T,
           np.vstack((np.dot(U, np.dot(W.T, V)).T, U[:, 2])).T,
           np.vstack((np.dot(U, np.dot(W.T, V)).T, -U[:, 2])).T]

    return P2s


def correspondence_matrix(p1, p2):
    p1x, p1y = p1[:2]
    p2x, p2y = p2[:2]

    return np.array([
        p1x * p2x, p1x * p2y, p1x,
        p1y * p2x, p1y * p2y, p1y,
        p2x, p2y, np.ones(len(p1x))
    ]).T

    return np.array([
        p2x * p1x, p2x * p1y, p2x,
        p2y * p1x, p2y * p1y, p2y,
        p1x, p1y, np.ones(len(p1x))
    ]).T


def scale_and_translate_points(points):
    """ Scale and translate image points so that centroid of the points
        are at the origin and avg distance to the origin is equal to sqrt(2).
    :param points: array of homogenous point (3 x n)
    :returns: array of same input shape and its normalization matrix
    """
    x = points[0]
    y = points[1]
    center = points.mean(axis=1)  # mean of each row
    cx = x - center[0]  # center the points
    cy = y - center[1]
    dist = np.sqrt(np.power(cx, 2) + np.power(cy, 2))
    scale = np.sqrt(2) / dist.mean()
    norm3d = np.array([
        [scale, 0, -scale * center[0]],
        [0, scale, -scale * center[1]],
        [0, 0, 1]
    ])

    return np.dot(norm3d, points), norm3d


def compute_image_to_image_matrix(x1, x2, compute_essential=False):
    """ Compute the fundamental or essential matrix from corresponding points
        (x1, x2 3*n arrays) using the 8 point algorithm.
        Each row in the A matrix below is constructed as
        [x'*x, x'*y, x', y'*x, y'*y, y', x, y, 1]
    """
    A = correspondence_matrix(x1, x2)
    # compute linear least square solution
    U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(A)
    F = V[-1].reshape(3, 3)

    # constrain F. Make rank 2 by zeroing out last singular value
    U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(F)
    S[-1] = 0
    if compute_essential:
        S = [1, 1, 0]  # Force rank 2 and equal eigenvalues
    F = np.dot(U, np.dot(np.diag(S), V))

    return F


def compute_normalized_image_to_image_matrix(p1, p2, compute_essential=False):
    """ Computes the fundamental or essential matrix from corresponding points
        using the normalized 8 point algorithm.
    :input p1, p2: corresponding points with shape 3 x n
    :returns: fundamental or essential matrix with shape 3 x 3
    """
    n = p1.shape[1]
    if p2.shape[1] != n:
        raise ValueError('Number of points do not match.')

    # preprocess image coordinates
    p1n, T1 = scale_and_translate_points(p1)
    p2n, T2 = scale_and_translate_points(p2)

    # compute F or E with the coordinates
    F = compute_image_to_image_matrix(p1n, p2n, compute_essential)

    # reverse preprocessing of coordinates
    # We know that P1' E P2 = 0
    F = np.dot(T1.T, np.dot(F, T2))

    return F / F[2, 2]


def compute_fundamental_normalized(p1, p2):
    return compute_normalized_image_to_image_matrix(p1, p2)


def compute_essential_normalized(p1, p2):
    return compute_normalized_image_to_image_matrix(p1, p2, compute_essential=True)


def skew(x):
    """ Create a skew symmetric matrix *A* from a 3d vector *x*.
        Property: np.cross(A, v) == np.dot(x, v)
    :param x: 3d vector
    :returns: 3 x 3 skew symmetric matrix from *x*
    """
    return np.array([
        [0, -x[2], x[1]],
        [x[2], 0, -x[0]],
        [-x[1], x[0], 0]
    ])


def reconstruct_one_point(pt1, pt2, m1, m2):
    """
        pt1 and m1 * X are parallel and cross product = 0
        pt1 x m1 * X  =  pt2 x m2 * X  =  0
    """
    A = np.vstack([
        np.dot(skew(pt1), m1),
        np.dot(skew(pt2), m2)
    ])
    U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(A)
    P = np.ravel(V[-1, :4])

    return P / P[3]


def linear_triangulation(p1, p2, m1, m2):
    """
    Linear triangulation (Hartley ch 12.2 pg 312) to find the 3D point X
    where p1 = m1 * X and p2 = m2 * X. Solve AX = 0.
    :param p1, p2: 2D points in homo. or catesian coordinates. Shape (3 x n)
    :param m1, m2: Camera matrices associated with p1 and p2. Shape (3 x 4)
    :returns: 4 x n homogenous 3d triangulated points
    """
    num_points = p1.shape[1]
    res = np.ones((4, num_points))

    for i in range(num_points):
        A = np.asarray([
            (p1[0, i] * m1[2, :] - m1[0, :]),
            (p1[1, i] * m1[2, :] - m1[1, :]),
            (p2[0, i] * m2[2, :] - m2[0, :]),
            (p2[1, i] * m2[2, :] - m2[1, :])
        ])

        _, _, V = np.linalg.svd(A)
        X = V[-1, :4]
        res[:, i] = X / X[3]

    return res


def writetofile(dict, path):
    for index, item in enumerate(dict):
        dict[item] = np.array(dict[item])
        dict[item] = dict[item].tolist()
    js = json.dumps(dict)
    with open(path, 'w') as f:
        f.write(js)
        print("参数已成功保存到文件")


def readfromfile(path):
    with open(path, 'r') as f:
        js = f.read()
        mydict = json.loads(js)
    print("参数读取成功")
    return mydict


def camera_calibration(SaveParamPath, ImagePath):
    # 循环中断
    criteria = (cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_EPS + cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_MAX_ITER, 30, 0.001)
    # 棋盘格尺寸
    row = 11
    column = 8
    objpoint = np.zeros((row * column, 3), np.float32)
    objpoint[:, :2] = np.mgrid[0:row, 0:column].T.reshape(-1, 2)

    objpoints = []  # 3d point in real world space
    imgpoints = []  # 2d points in image plane.
    batch_images = glob.glob(ImagePath + '/*.jpg')
    for i, fname in enumerate(batch_images):
        img = cv2.imread(batch_images[i])
        imgGray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
        # find chess board corners
        ret, corners = cv2.findChessboardCorners(imgGray, (row, column), None)
        # if found, add object points, image points (after refining them)
        if ret:
            objpoints.append(objpoint)
            corners2 = cv2.cornerSubPix(imgGray, corners, (11, 11), (-1, -1), criteria)
            imgpoints.append(corners2)
            # Draw and display the corners
            img = cv2.drawChessboardCorners(img, (row, column), corners2, ret)
            cv2.imwrite('Checkerboard_Image/Temp_JPG/Temp_' + str(i) + '.jpg', img)
    print("成功提取:", len(batch_images), "张图片角点！")
    ret, mtx, dist, rvecs, tvecs = cv2.calibrateCamera(objpoints, imgpoints, imgGray.shape[::-1], None, None)
    dict = {'ret': ret, 'mtx': mtx, 'dist': dist, 'rvecs': rvecs, 'tvecs': tvecs}
    writetofile(dict, SaveParamPath)

    meanError = 0
    for i in range(len(objpoints)):
        imgpoints2, _ = cv2.projectPoints(objpoints[i], rvecs[i], tvecs[i], mtx, dist)
        error = cv2.norm(imgpoints[i], imgpoints2, cv2.NORM_L2) / len(imgpoints2)
        meanError += error
    print("total error: ", meanError / len(objpoints))


def epipolar_geometric(Images_Path, K):
    IMG = glob.glob(Images_Path)
    img1, img2 = cv2.imread(IMG[0]), cv2.imread(IMG[1])
    img1_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img1, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    img2_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img2, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # Initiate SURF detector
    SURF = cv2.xfeatures2d_SURF.create()

    # compute keypoint & descriptions
    keypoint1, descriptor1 = SURF.detectAndCompute(img1_gray, None)
    keypoint2, descriptor2 = SURF.detectAndCompute(img2_gray, None)
    print("角点数量：", len(keypoint1), len(keypoint2))

    # Find point matches
    bf = cv2.BFMatcher(cv2.NORM_L2, crossCheck=True)
    matches = bf.match(descriptor1, descriptor2)
    print("匹配点数量：", len(matches))

    src_pts = np.asarray([keypoint1[m.queryIdx].pt for m in matches])
    dst_pts = np.asarray([keypoint2[m.trainIdx].pt for m in matches])
    # plot
    knn_image = cv2.drawMatches(img1_gray, keypoint1, img2_gray, keypoint2, matches[:-1], None, flags=2)
    image_ = Image.fromarray(np.uint8(knn_image))
    image_.save("MatchesImage.jpg")

    # Constrain matches to fit homography
    retval, mask = cv2.findHomography(src_pts, dst_pts, cv2.RANSAC, 100.0)

    # We select only inlier points
    points1 = src_pts[mask.ravel() == 1]
    points2 = dst_pts[mask.ravel() == 1]

    points1 = cart2hom(points1.T)
    points2 = cart2hom(points2.T)
    # plot
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2)
    ax[0].autoscale_view('tight')
    ax[0].imshow(cv2.cvtColor(img1, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    ax[0].plot(points1[0], points1[1], 'r.')
    ax[1].autoscale_view('tight')
    ax[1].imshow(cv2.cvtColor(img2, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    ax[1].plot(points2[0], points2[1], 'r.')
    plt.savefig('MatchesPoints.jpg')
    fig.show()
    # 

    points1n = np.dot(np.linalg.inv(K), points1)
    points2n = np.dot(np.linalg.inv(K), points2)
    E = compute_essential_normalized(points1n, points2n)
    print('Computed essential matrix:', (-E / E[0][1]))

    P1 = np.array([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0]])
    P2s = compute_P_from_essential(E)

    ind = -1
    for i, P2 in enumerate(P2s):
        # Find the correct camera parameters
        d1 = reconstruct_one_point(points1n[:, 0], points2n[:, 0], P1, P2)
        # Convert P2 from camera view to world view
        P2_homogenous = np.linalg.inv(np.vstack([P2, [0, 0, 0, 1]]))
        d2 = np.dot(P2_homogenous[:3, :4], d1)
        if d1[2] > 0 and d2[2] > 0:
            ind = i

    P2 = np.linalg.inv(np.vstack([P2s[ind], [0, 0, 0, 1]]))[:3, :4]
    Points3D = linear_triangulation(points1n, points2n, P1, P2)

    return Points3D


def main():
    CameraParam_Path = 'CameraParam.txt'
    CheckerboardImage_Path = 'Checkerboard_Image'
    Images_Path = 'SubstitutionCalibration_Image/*.jpg'

    # 计算相机参数
    camera_calibration(CameraParam_Path, CheckerboardImage_Path)
    # 读取相机参数
    config = readfromfile(CameraParam_Path)
    K = np.array(config['mtx'])
    # 计算3D点
    Points3D = epipolar_geometric(Images_Path, K)
    # 重建3D点
    fig = plt.figure()
    fig.suptitle('3D reconstructed', fontsize=16)
    ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
    ax.plot(Points3D[0], Points3D[1], Points3D[2], 'b.')
    ax.set_xlabel('x axis')
    ax.set_ylabel('y axis')
    ax.set_zlabel('z axis')
    ax.view_init(elev=135, azim=90)
    plt.savefig('Reconstruction.jpg')
    plt.show()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()