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快速理解MySQL中主键与外键的实例教程_MySQL

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Release: 2016-05-27 13:45:39
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主键与外键的关系,通俗点儿讲,我现在有一个论坛,有两张表,一张是主贴 thread,一张是回帖 reply

先说说主键,主键是表里面唯一识别记录的字段,一般是帖子id,体现在访问的时候,例如是
thread.php?id=1   表示我要访问的是帖子id是1 的帖子~

再来说说外键,当我们删除某个帖子的时候,需要执行另一个操作,就是删除所有回帖,如果正常情况下,我们需要执行两次delete操作(thread和 reply),这时候如果存在外键,例如,在reply 表里面建立一个指向thread表的主键(id)的外键(这个外键绑的字段,必须是对应帖子的id),并指定响应 delete ,那你在删除 thread 的时候,mysql 自己会帮你把 reply 表中这个帖子的回复都删掉,而不需要你手动再去执行一次reply表的delete操作~

至于两者之间的关系,在刚才的例子中,reply 表的外键,指向的就是 thread 表的主键~~

搞个例子,简单演示一下使用,做dage和xiaodi两个表,大哥表是主键,小弟表是外键:
建表:

CREATE TABLE `dage` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
 `name` varchar(32) default '',
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

CREATE TABLE `xiaodi` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
 `dage_id` int(11) default NULL,
 `name` varchar(32) default '',
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
 KEY `dage_id` (`dage_id`),
 CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

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插入个大哥:

mysql> insert into dage(name) values('铜锣湾');
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
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mysql> select * from dage;
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+----+--------+
| id | name  |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 铜锣湾 |
+----+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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插入个小弟:

mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(1,'铜锣湾_小弟A');

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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
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mysql> select * from xiaodi;
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+----+---------+--------------+
| id | dage_id | name     |
+----+---------+--------------+
| 1 |    1 | 铜锣湾_小弟A |
+----+---------+--------------+

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把大哥删除:

mysql> delete from dage where id=1;
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ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))

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提示:不行呀,有约束的,大哥下面还有小弟,可不能扔下我们不管呀!

插入一个新的小弟:

mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(2,'旺角_小弟A');   
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2ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))
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提示:小子,想造反呀!你还没大哥呢!

把外键约束增加事件触发限制:

mysql> show create table xiaodi;
<p>CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)</p><p>mysql> alter table xiaodi drop foreign key xiaodi_ibfk_1; <br /></p>
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 
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mysql> alter table xiaodi add foreign key(dage_id) references dage(id) on delete cascade on update cascade;
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

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再次试着把大哥删了:

mysql> delete from dage where id=1;
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

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mysql> select * from dage;
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Empty set (0.01 sec)

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mysql> select * from xiaodi;
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Empty set (0.00 sec)

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得,这回对应的小弟也没了,没办法,谁让你跟我on delete cascade了呢!

例子说明的应该蛮清楚了吧,其他功能对应手册自己实践吧!:-)

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