What layers does the tcp/ip protocol contain?

The tcp/ip protocol adopts a 4-layer hierarchical structure: 1. Network interface layer (host-network layer); 2. Internet layer, providing simple and flexible, connectionless, best-effort datagram delivery Services; 3. Transport layer, which provides end-to-end logical communication between application processes; 4. Application layer, which provides applications for users.

The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.

1. Network interface layer

In the TCP/IP protocol, the network interface layer is located on the fourth layer. Since the network interface layer merges the physical layer and the data link layer, the network interface layer is not only the physical medium for transmitting data, but also provides an accurate line for the network layer.

The physical layer defines some characteristics related to the interface of the transmission media, namely mechanical characteristics, electrical characteristics, functional characteristics, process characteristics, and needs to complete the conversion between parallel transmission and serial transmission.

The data link layer provides transparent and reliable data transmission services to users of this layer. Transparency means that there are no restrictions on the content, format and encoding of data transmitted on this layer, and there is no need to explain the meaning of the information structure; reliability means that during the transmission process, the physical connections that may be faulty provided by the physical layer are transformed into logical The specific methods of error-free data links include frame synchronization, error control, flow control, and link management.

The main broadband access technologies in the physical layer include CD protocol, Ethernet 802.3.

The Internet layer provides simple, flexible, connectionless, and best-effort datagram services to the upward value. The Internet layer does not provide quality of service commitments, that is, transmitted packets may be errors, lost, duplicated, and out of order, and certainly does not guarantee packet delivery time limits.

The main protocols in the Internet layer include IP protocol, Address Resolution Protocol ARP and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP, and Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP.

The IP protocol is the core of the Internet layer. Through routing, the next hop IP is encapsulated and handed over to the network interface layer. IP datagrams are a connectionless service.

ICMP is a supplement to the Internet layer and can send back messages. Used to check whether the network is smooth (use the ping command).

ARP is to find the MAC address of the host through a known IP.

RARP determines the IP address through the MAC address.

The transport layer provides end-to-end logical communication between application processes, and has the function of multiplexing and demultiplexing, that is, the sender is different Any application process can use a transport layer protocol to transmit data; the transport layer of the receiver can correctly deliver the data to the destination application process after stripping off the header of the message. The transport layer will also perform error control on messages to improve reliable transmission.

The main protocols in the transport layer are User Datagram Protocol UDP and Transmission Control Protocol TCP

The application layer provides applications for users program.

The main protocols in the application layer include Domain Name System DNS, File Transfer Protocol FTP, Remote Terminal Protocol TELNET, Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP, Mail Reading Protocol POP3 and IMAP, and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP, Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP.

DNS: Provided Domain name resolution service, providing conversion between domain names and IP addresses, using port 53

FTP: transferring files between any computers in heterogeneous networks, using port 21

TELNET: providing users Remote login service, using port 23, using clear code transmission, poor confidentiality, simple and convenient

HTTP: used to realize various links on the World Wide Web, that is, the connection between the World Wide Web client program and the World Wide Web server, using port 80

SMTP/POP3, IMAP: Provides email transmission and is used to control the sending and transfer of letters. /Read mail from the mail server.

DHCP: Automatically assign IP addresses to computers newly added to the network.

SNMP: Managing software and hardware platforms produced by many manufacturers on the Internet

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