What is integrated into the microprocessor chip of a microcomputer?

The microcomputer's microprocessor chip integrates a controller and arithmetic unit; the hardware structure of the computer system mainly consists of a controller, arithmetic unit, memory and input and output devices, where the controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as is the central processing unit.

#The operating environment of this article: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.

The microcomputer's microprocessor chip integrates a controller and arithmetic unit.

The hardware structure of a computer system mainly consists of four parts: controller, arithmetic unit, memory and input and output devices. Among them, the controller and arithmetic unit are collectively called the central processing unit. Referred to as CPU. It is the command center of the computer hardware system. It includes two components: the controller and the arithmetic unit. The function of the controller is to control the coordinated work of various parts of the computer, and the arithmetic unit is responsible for the arithmetic operations and logical operations of the computer.

(1) Operator

1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit ALU

ALU mainly completes fixed-point arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) on binary data ), logical operations (AND or NOT XOR) and shift operations. In some CPUs, there are shifters specifically designed to handle shift operations.

Usually ALU consists of two input terminals and one output terminal. Integer units are sometimes called IEU (Integer Execution Unit). What we usually say "CPU is XX bits" refers to the number of data bits that the ALU can process.

2. Floating Point Unit FPU (Floating Point Unit)

FPU is mainly responsible for floating point operations and high-precision integer operations. Some FPUs also have the function of vector operations, and others have specialized vector processing units.

3. General-purpose register group

The general-purpose register group is a group of fastest memories used to store operands and intermediate results participating in operations.

In the design of general-purpose registers, RISC is very different from CISC. CISC usually has very few registers, mainly due to the hardware cost at the time. For example, the x86 instruction set only has 8 general-purpose registers. Therefore, CISC's CPU execution spends most of its time accessing data in memory rather than in registers. This slows down the entire system. RISC systems often have a large number of general-purpose registers, and use technologies such as overlapping register windows and register files to make full use of register resources.

Regarding the shortcoming that the x86 instruction set only supports 8 general-purpose registers, the latest CPUs from Intel and AMD have adopted a technology called "register renaming", which allows the x86 CPU's registers to exceed 8 The limit reaches 32 or more. However, compared to RISC, the register operation of this technology requires one more clock cycle to rename the register.

4. Special registers

Special registers are usually status registers that cannot be changed by the program and are controlled by the CPU itself to indicate a certain status.

(2) Controller

The calculator can only complete operations, while the controller is used to control the work of the entire CPU.

1. Instruction controller

The instruction controller is a very important part of the controller. It must complete operations such as fetching instructions and analyzing instructions, and then hands them to the execution unit (ALU or FPU) to execute, and at the same time form the address of the next instruction.

2. Timing controller

The function of the timing controller is to provide control signals for each instruction in time sequence. The timing controller includes a clock generator and a frequency multiplication definition unit. The clock generator emits a very stable pulse signal from a quartz crystal oscillator, which is the main frequency of the CPU. The frequency multiplication definition unit defines the CPU main frequency as the memory frequency ( several times the bus frequency).

3. Bus controller

The bus controller is mainly used to control the internal and external buses of the CPU, including address bus, data bus, control bus, etc.

4. Interrupt controller

The interrupt controller is used to control various interrupt requests, queue the interrupt requests according to their priority, and hand them over to the CPU for processing one by one.

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