This article brings you an introduction to the use of Java's upward transformation and downward transformation (with code). It has certain reference value. Friends in need can refer to it. I hope it will be helpful to you.
1 Upward transformation (subclass transformation to parent class)
Example:
package a.b;
public class A {
public void a1() {
System.out.println("Superclass");
}
}
A的子类B：
package a.b;
public class B extends A {
public void a1() {
System.out.println("Childrenclass"); //覆盖父类方法
}
public void b1(){} //B类定义了自己的新方法
}
C类：
package a.b;
public class C {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new B(); //向上转型
a.a1();
}
}If you run C, is the output Superclass or Childrenclass? Not the Superclass you originally expected, but the Childrenclass. This is because a actually points to a subclass object. Of course, you don't have to worry, the Java virtual machine will automatically and accurately identify which specific method should be called. However, due to upward transformation, the a object will lose methods different from the parent class, such as b1(). Some people may ask: Isn't this unnecessary? We can definitely write like this:
B a = new B();
a.a1();
Indeed! But this loses the abstraction-oriented programming features and reduces scalability. In fact, not only that, upward transformation can also reduce the programming workload. Let’s look at the following display class Monitor:
package a.b;
public class Monitor{
public void displayText() {}
public void displayGraphics() {}
}
液晶显示器类LCDMonitor是Monitor的子类：
package a.b;
public class LCDMonitor extends Monitor {
public void displayText() {
System.out.println("LCD display text");
}
public void displayGraphics() {
System.out.println("LCD display graphics");
}
}
阴极射线管显示器类CRTMonitor自然也是Monitor的子类：
package a.b;
public class CRTMonitor extends Monitor {
public void displayText() {
System.out.println("CRT display text");
}
public void displayGraphics() {
System.out.println("CRT display graphics");
}
}
等离子显示器PlasmaMonitor也是Monitor的子类：
package a.b;
public class PlasmaMonitor extends Monitor {
public void displayText() {
System.out.println("Plasma display text");
}
public void displayGraphics() {
System.out.println("Plasma display graphics");
}
}
现在有一个MyMonitor类。假设没有向上转型，MyMonitor类代码如下：
package a.b;
public class MyMonitor {
public static void main(String[] args) {
run(new LCDMonitor());
run(new CRTMonitor());
run(new PlasmaMonitor());
}
public static void run(LCDMonitor monitor) {
monitor.displayText();
monitor.displayGraphics();
}
public static void run(CRTMonitor monitor) {
monitor.displayText();
monitor.displayGraphics();
}
public static void run(PlasmaMonitor monitor) {
monitor.displayText();
monitor.displayGraphics();
}
}
可能你已经意识到上述代码有很多重复代码，而且也不易维护。有了向上转型，代码可以更为简洁：
package a.b;
public class MyMonitor {
public static void main(String[] args) {
run(new LCDMonitor()); //向上转型
run(new CRTMonitor()); //向上转型
run(new PlasmaMonitor()); //向上转型
}
public static void run(Monitor monitor) { //父类实例作为参数
monitor.displayText();
monitor.displayGraphics();
}
}
我们也可以采用接口的方式，例如：
package a.b;
public interface Monitor {
abstract void displayText();
abstract void displayGraphics();
}
将液晶显示器类LCDMonitor稍作修改：
package a.b;
public class LCDMonitor implements Monitor {
public void displayText() {
System.out.println("LCD display text");
}
public void displayGraphics() {
System.out.println("LCD display graphics");
}
}2 Downward transformation (transformation of parent class into subclass)
A类：
package a.b;
public class A {
void aMthod() {
System.out.println("A method");
}
}
A的子类B：
package a.b;
public class B extends A {
void bMethod1() {
System.out.println("B method 1");
}
void bMethod2() {
System.out.println("B method 2");
}
}
C类：
package a.b;
public class C {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a1 = new B(); // 向上转型
a1.aMthod(); // 调用父类aMthod()，a1遗失B类方法bMethod1()、bMethod2()
B b1 = (B) a1; // 向下转型，编译无错误，运行时无错误
b1.aMthod(); // 调用父类A方法
b1.bMethod1(); // 调用B类方法
b1.bMethod2(); // 调用B类方法
A a2 = new A();
B b2 = (B) a2; // 向下转型，编译无错误，运行时将出错
b2.aMthod();
b2.bMethod1();
b2.bMethod2();
}
}
从上面的代码我们可以得出这样一个结论：向下转型需要使用强制转换。运行C程序，控制台将输出：
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassCastException: a.b.A cannot be cast to a.b.B at
a.b.C.main(C.java:14)
A method
A method
B method 1
B method 2In fact, B b2 = (B) after the downward transformation code at a2 The comments already indicate that a runtime error will occur. Why is the downward transformation code in the first sentence OK, but the code in the second sentence is wrong? This is because a1 points to an object of subclass B, so of course the instance object b1 of subclass B can also point to a1. And a2 is a parent class object, and the subclass object b2 cannot point to the parent class object a2. So how can I avoid a runtime ClassCastException when performing a downcast? Just use the instanceof learned in Section 5.7.7. Let’s modify the code of class C:
A a2 = new A();
if (a2 instanceof B) {
B b2 = (B) a2;
b2.aMthod();
b2.bMethod1();
b2.bMethod2();
}After processing in this way, we don’t have to worry about ClassCastException occurring during type conversion.
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