Home > Web Front-end > JS Tutorial > body text

Essential JS basic knowledge—Systematic compilation of common interview questions

php是最好的语言
Release: 2020-07-30 16:35:14
Original
4608 people have browsed it

Essential JS basic knowledge—Systematic compilation of common interview questions

1.JS built-in types

are divided into basic data types and Object.
Basic data types include: null, undefined, string, boolean, number, symbol .

    console.log(typeof null);//object
    console.log(typeof []);//object
    console.log(typeof {});//object
Copy after login

What should you do if you want to distinguish between null, array, and object?

       console.log(Object.prototype.toString.call(null));//[object Null]
       console.log(Object.prototype.toString.call([]));//[object Array]
       console.log(Object.prototype.toString.call({}));//[object Object]
Copy after login

My simple understanding: toString (data); function: convert data into a string.

Recommended related articles:The most complete collection of js interview questions in 2020 (latest)

2. Type conversion

Type conversion: divided into explicit type conversion and implicit type conversion.

1.Number (data)

如果数据内容式纯粹的数字,才可以转化为数字,否则式NaN。
Copy after login
var str2="12px";//NaN
var str2="1.2";//1.2
var str2="1.2.3";//NaN
var str2=null;//0
console.log(Number(str2));
Copy after login

2.NaN

NaN的数据类型书Number。注意:NaN和任何东西都不相等,包括自己。
Copy after login

3.isNaN (data)

会先把数据用Number转化,转化完了之后在判断是不是NaN,如果是NaN则返回为true。否则返回为fasle。
Copy after login
console.log(isNaN(1));//false
console.log(isNaN("123"));//false
console.log(isNaN("abc"));//true
Copy after login

4.parseInt(data) and parseFloat(data)

parseInt(数据):把数据变成整数,舍去小数点,取整数。
parseFloat(数据):把数据转化为数字,可以是小数。
注意:这两个方法会从左往右开始,除去空格,找到第一位非0数字,开始进行转换,直到转换到不是数字的那位为止,或者,转换出合适的值为止。
Copy after login
    console.log( parseInt( "1" ) );//1
    console.log( parseInt( "1.9" ) );//1
    console.log( parseInt( "20px" ) );//20
    console.log( parseInt( "    25px" ) );//25
    console.log( parseInt( "    0.0026px" ) );//0

    console.log( parseFloat( "    0.0026px" ) );//0.0026
Copy after login

5.Stirng() and Boolean() can also be displayed Type conversion is not mentioned here

条件判断中,除了null,undefined,'',NaN,false,0都转化为false,其余都转化为true。
Copy after login

6. Implicit type conversion

只有当加法运算时,其中一方是字符串类型,就会把另一个也转为字符串类型。其他运算只要其中一方是数字,那么另一方就转为数字。并且加法运算会触发三种类型转换:将值转换为原始值,转换为数字,转换为字符串。
Copy after login
<script>
    console.log( "abc"-1 );//NaN
    console.log( NaN-1 );//NaN
    console.log( NaN+1 );//NaN
    console.log( NaN+"1" );//NaN1
//------------------------------------------
    console.log( "3"-1 );//转成数字2
    console.log( "345" - 0 );//转成数字345
    console.log( "345" * 1 );//转成数字345
    console.log( "345" / 1 );//转成数字345
    console.log( "345px" - 0 );//NaN
//------------------------------------------
    
    console.log( 123 + "" );//转成字符串 "123"
//------------------------------------------
    
    console.log( !!234 );//转成boolean类型 true
    console.log( !!0 );//转成boolean类型 false
    console.log( !!{} );//转成boolean类型 true
    console.log( !!null );//转成boolean类型 false
Copy after login

3. Operators

== and = ==

==:
    1.如果类型相同的话,比较内容
        类型不相同,类型转化在比较
        1)一个是undefined,一个是null,则相等。
        2)数字和字符串的的话,将字符串转化为数字再进行比较。
===:
    1.类型相同比教内容,类型不同则返回fasle。
Copy after login

4.Prototype, prototype chain, new

1.new

1.新生成了一个对象
2.链接到原型
3.绑定this
4.返回新对象
Copy after login

2.prototype prototype

prototype 原型
    当一个函数被申明的时候,该函数下默认有一个属性:prototype,该属性的值是一个对象
    
    当我们去调用一个对象的属性或者方法的时候,如果该对象自身没有该属性或方法,
    则会调用到该对象 的 构造函数的prototype的属性或方法
    把通过构造函数构造出来的对象,共有的方法或者属性,放在prototype身上


__proto__
    当一个对象被创建的时候,
    该对象会自动被添加上一个属性:__proto__,
    他的值也是一个对象,并且该属性 就是 当前这个对象的构造函数的prototype
    对象.__proto__ === 构造函数.prototype
Copy after login

3.Prototype chain

Function.prototype.a = "a";
Object.prototype.b = "b";
function Person(){}
console.log(Person);    //function Person()
let p = new Person();
console.log(p);         //Person {} 对象
console.log(p.a);       //undefined
console.log(p.b);       //b
Copy after login

Analysis:

会一直通过__proto__向上查找,最后当查找到Object.prototype时找到,最后打印出b,向上查找过程中,得到的是Object.prototype,而不是Function.prototype,找不到a属性,所以结果为undefined,这就是原型链,通过__proto__向上进行查找,最终到null结束
Copy after login
        //Function
        function Function(){}
        console.log(Function);  //Function()
        console.log(Function.prototype.constructor);    //Function()
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__);      //Object.prototype
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__.__proto__);    //NULL
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__.constructor);  //Object()
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__ === Object.prototype); //true
Copy after login

Summary:

1.查找属性,如果本身没有,则会去__proto__中查找,也就是构造函数的显式原型中查找,如果构造函数中也没有该属性,因为构造函数也是对象,也有__proto__,那么会去它的显式原型中查找,一直到null,如果没有则返回undefined

2.p.__proto__.constructor  == function Person(){}

3.p.___proto__.__proto__== Object.prototype

4.p.___proto__.__proto__.__proto__== Object.prototype.__proto__ == null          

5.通过__proto__形成原型链而非protrotype
Copy after login

5.instanceof

检测对象原型是否在要检测对象的原型链上,返回值为true或者false
使用:object instanceof constructor
Copy after login
    function Fn () {}
    var f = new Fn();
    console.log( f instanceof Fn );//true
    console.log( f instanceof Object );//true
Copy after login
//    //str是字面量生成的,是由JS内部的String构造函数new出来的。
//    //但是str会立刻"压扁"自己,让自己不是对象。
//    //所以str都不是对象了,自然instanceof String 的得到的值为fasle
//    //但str.indexOf(),str还是可以调用indexOf()方法的原因是,当它调用方法的时候,会重新将自己包装成对象。
//    //使用结束后会重新"压扁"自己,让自己不是对象。
    var str = "123";
    console.log( str instanceof Array );//false
    console.log( str instanceof String);//false
    console.log( str instanceof Object);//false
//
    var obj = {};
    console.log( obj instanceof Array );//false
    console.log( obj instanceof Object);//true
Copy after login

6.hasOwnProperty

作用
        用来判断某个对象是否含有 指定的 自身属性
    语法
        boolean object.hasOwnProperty(prop)
    参数
        object
            要检测的对象
        prop
            要检测的属性名称。
    注意:不会沿着原型链查找属性,只查找自身属性
Copy after login
    function Fn(name,gender){
        this.name = name;
        this.gender = gender;
    }
    Fn.prototype.kind = "human";
    Fn.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log(1);
    };
    
    var f = new Fn("kimoo","男");
    
    console.log( f.hasOwnProperty("name") ); //true
    
    console.log( f.hasOwnProperty("kind") ); //false
    console.log( f.hasOwnProperty("say") ); //false
Copy after login

8.call,bind,apply

## The functions of #call, bind, and apply are to modify this pointer.

Difference:

1.call:函数会立即执行,括号中的内容 第一个参数 就是 函数执行时候 ,内部的this指向。后面的参数就是函数内部的实参。
Copy after login
function foo (a,b) {
        console.log( this );
        console.log( a,b );
    }
    foo.call( document,2,3 );//运行结果:#document 2,3
Copy after login
2.apply:函数会立即执行,括号中的内容 第一个参数 就是 函数执行时候 ,内部的this指向。不过第二个参数接受数组。
Copy after login
    function foo (a,b) {
        console.log( this );
        console.log( a,b );
    }
    foo.apply( document,[2,3] ); // 和call 相似 直接调用 , 不过第二个参数接受数组。运行结果:#document 2,3
Copy after login
3.bind:函数 不会 立刻执行,返回的是 修改了 this指向的新函数.第二个参数是参数列表。
Copy after login
     function foo (a,b) {
        console.log( this );
        console.log( a,b );
    }
    var fn = foo.bind( document,2,3);// 函数 不会 立刻执行,返回的是 修改了 this指向的新函数
    fn();
       //运行结果:
    //#document
    //2 3
Copy after login

9. Combined inheritance

<script>
    function Person(){
        this.arr = [1,2,3];
        this.age = 10;
    }
    Person.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我会说话" );
    };
//    父类构造函数中的方法,使用借用构造函数的方式继承
    function Coder(name,money) {
        Person.call(this);
        this.name = name;
        this.money = money;
        
    }
//    父类构造函数原型上的方法,使用原型链继承
    Coder.prototype = new Person();
    Coder.prototype.constructor = Coder; // 重新修改 constructor
    
    Coder.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我是程序员,我叫" + this.name +",我一个月:"+ this.money );
    }
    
    var p = new Person();
    console.log( p.age );  
    console.log( p.arr );
    console.log( p.kind );
    p.say();
    
    var c1 = new Coder("a",10000);
    console.log( c1.age );  
    c1.say();
    c1.arr.push(4);
    console.log( c1.arr );
    console.log( c1.name );
    console.log( c1.money );
    var c2 = new Coder("b",30000);
    c2.say();
    console.log( c2.age );  
    console.log( c2.arr );
    console.log( c2.name );
    console.log( c2.money );

    console.log(Coder.prototype.constructor);
</script>
Copy after login

10.Copy inheritance

<script>
    
    function Person(){
        this.arr = [1,2,3];
        this.age = 10;
    }
    Person.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我会说话" );
    }
    function Coder(){
        Person.call(this);
    }
    Coder.prototype = cloneFn( Person.prototype );
    Coder.prototype.constructor = Coder;
    Coder.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我是程序员" );
    }
    
    var p = new Person();
    console.log( p.age );  
    console.log( p.arr );
    p.say();
    console.log( "----------------" );
    
    var c1 = new Coder();
    console.log( c1.age );  
    c1.say();
    c1.arr.push(4);
    console.log( c1.arr );
    console.log( "----------------" );
    var c2 = new Coder();
    console.log( c2.age );  
    console.log( c2.arr );
    c2.say();
    
//------------------------------------------
function cloneFn( sourse ){
    var o = Object.prototype.toString.call(sourse).toLowerCase().indexOf("array")!==-1 ? [] : {};
    for( var attr in sourse ){
        if( (typeof sourse[attr] === "object") && sourse[attr] !== null ){
            o[attr] = cloneFn( sourse[attr] ) ;
        }else{
            o[attr] = sourse[attr];
        }
    }
    return o;
}
    
</script>
Copy after login

11. class inheritance

<script>
    class Person {
        constructor(name){
            this.name = name;
        }
        say(){
            console.log( &#39;我的名字叫 ${this.name}&#39;);
        }
    }
    
    class Coder extends Person{
//        constructor( name,money ){
//            super(name); // 相当于 调用 父类的 构造函数,修改内部的this,
////                一定要先调用 super 再使用 this
//            this.money = money;
//        }
        say(){
            console.log( `我的名字叫 ${this.name}` );
        }
        eat(){
            console.log( "我会吃" );
        }
    }
    
    var p = new Person("kimoo");
//    console.log( p );
//    p.say();
//    p.eat(); // 报错: p.eat is not a function
    
    var c = new Coder("zm");
    console.log( c );
    c.say();
    c.eat();
</script>
Copy after login

12. Function scope, execution context, variable promotion, closure

1. Scope

JS作用域分为全局作用域和函数作用域,函数作用域可以访问全局作用域中的变量,对象,函数等。但是函数作用域外部访问不到函数内部的变量,对象,函数。

但在ES6中新增了块级作用域。let,const在块中声明的变量,函数等,外部都访问不到。
Copy after login
    {
        var a=1;
        let b=2;
        console.log(b);//2
        {
            console.log(b);//2
        }
    }

    console.log(a);//1
    console.log(b);//报错,b is not defined
Copy after login

2 .Execution contextHere is a very good article about js execution context, you can click the link to view

Summary:

        1. 调用函数是会为其创建执行上下文,并压入执行环境栈的栈顶,执行完毕弹出,执行上下文被销毁,随之VO也被销毁
        2. EC创建阶段分创建阶段和代码执行阶段
        3. 创建阶段初始变量值为undefined,执行阶段才为变量赋值
        4. 函数申明先于变量申明
Copy after login

3 .Variable promotion (domain resolution)

Key:During variable promotionThe function priority is higher than the variable priority

        function foo() {
            console.log(f1);    //f1() {}
            console.log(f2);    //undefined
            
            var f1 = &#39;hosting&#39;;
            var f2 = function() {}
            function f1() {}
        }
        foo();
Copy after login

4. Closure

Closure: Function A returns a function B, and function B uses the variables of function A, function B is called closure.

   for ( var i=1; i<=5; i++) {
    setTimeout( function timer() {
        console.log( i );
    }, i*1000 );
}
Copy after login

First of all, because setTimeout is an asynchronous function, all loops will be executed first. At this time, i is 6, so a bunch of 6s will be output.

Solution one:

for (var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
  (function(j) {
    setTimeout(function timer() {
      console.log(j);
    }, j * 1000);
  })(i);
}
Copy after login

Solution two:

for ( var i=1; i<=5; i++) {
    setTimeout( function timer(j) {
        console.log( j );
    }, i*1000, i);
}
Copy after login

Solution three:

for ( let i=1; i<=5; i++) {
    setTimeout( function timer() {
        console.log( i );
    }, i*1000 );
}
Copy after login

Click here to learn more about closures

13. Deep and shallow copy

1.Shallow copy

First, you can solve this problem through Object.assign.

let a = {
    age: 1
}
let b = Object.assign({}, a)
a.age = 2
console.log(b.age) // 1
Copy after login

Of course we can also solve it by using the expansion operator (…)

let a = {
    age: 1
}
let b = {...a}
a.age = 2
console.log(b.age) // 1
Copy after login

2. Deep copy

function cloneFn( sourse ){
    var o = Object.prototype.toString.call(sourse).toLowerCase().indexOf("array")!==-1 ? [] : {};
    for( var attr in sourse ){
        if( (typeof sourse[attr] === "object") && sourse[attr] !== null ){
            o[attr] = cloneFn( sourse[attr] ) ;
        }else{
            o[attr] = sourse[attr];
        }
    }
    return o;
}
Copy after login
Related articles:


8 basic knowledge of JS that must be paid attention to

JS basic knowledge compilation

The above is the detailed content of Essential JS basic knowledge—Systematic compilation of common interview questions. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

Related labels:
source:php.cn
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Popular Tutorials
More>
Latest Downloads
More>
Web Effects
Website Source Code
Website Materials
Front End Template