What is a shell? Introduction to common types of shells-Linux Operation and Maintenance-php.cn

1. Introduction

2. read

3. Computational tools

4. if/then structure

5.while loop

6.for loop

1. Introduction

1. What is shell

Shell is the interface for interaction between users and the system. The shell is a command interpreter and a high-level programming language

2. Common types of shell

Bourne Shell (/usr/bin/sh or / bin/sh) 

Bourne Again Shell (/bin/bash) 

C Shell (/usr/bin/csh) 

K Shell (/usr/bin/ksh ) 

Shell for Root (/sbin/sh) 

Among them: Bash is widely used in daily work; At the same time, Bash is also the default Shell for most Linux systems ;

3. Shell limitations

1.1. Tasks that require a large amount of resources, especially those that require high execution speed

1.2. Involving a lot of mathematical calculations

1.3. Key applications (databases, websites, etc.)

1.4. Applications for designing graphics or GUI

1.5. Need direct access to hardware

1.6. Develop closed source applications (compared to open source)

4. Basics

File system: The Linux file system is a hierarchical organizational structure that includes directories and files. The one at the top is called the root directory (root directory), which is represented by a slash / 

Directory: It is a file containing directory entries. Each directory entry contains the file name 

File name: The contents of the directory are called directory entries, and the directory entries contain In file names, only two characters are not allowed to appear in file names: slash and null character (ASCII value is 0). Slash is used to separate file names in the path, and null character is used to indicate the end of the path. The length of the file name can usually reach 255 characters

Path: A series of file names connected together and separated by slashes is called a path. The path is used to indicate the location of the file; The path starting with a dash is called an absolute path, otherwise it is a relative path. The relative path is relative to the current working directory

Return code: All commands have a return value, represented by an integer between 0-255; a script is a command, and it also has a return value. In addition, the functions in the script also have return values 

The formal way to exit a script is to explicitly use the command exit [code] to exit, such as: exit 0; exit $?

 2. read

1. Definition 

read is a buildin command, which mainly completes the assignment of parameters, similar to scanf in C language; 

Others Not only can variables be assigned, but arrays can also be assigned; 

The input is not only the screen, but also the file descriptor

2. Practical operation

 # read a --Input a string and assign the string to variable a; # echo $a

hello world!!

# read name sex age --Assign values ​​to three variables at the same time , the input separator defaults to the space character 

zhangsan male 50

# unset name sex age --delete the variable

# IFS=';' --change the input of read Change the delimiter to ';'

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

prompt="Please enter your name:"

read -p "$prompt" name

echo "Greetings $name"

3. Computational tools

1. Simple mathematical operations

# echo $((1+2**2-3*4/5%6)) --Output the calculation results to the screen

 # a=$((1+2**2-3*4/5%6)) --Assign the calculation result to the variable a

# ((a=1+2**2-3* 4/5%6)) --Same as above

# echo "scale=3;10/3" | bc --bc calculator; keep three decimal places

# echo "2 ^10" | bc --bc calculator; calculate 2 raised to the 10th power

# awk 'BEGIN{print 1/3}' --awk calculate

2, get Random number

# od -N4 -tu4 /dev/urandom | sed -n '1s/.* //p' --Get a 7-digit number

# od -Ad -w24 -tu4 /dev/urandom --Get random numbers

# od -tu8 /dev/urandom --Get random numbers

# od -tu8 /dev/urandom | sed -r 's/^[0-9]+\s+//' | sed -r 's/\s+/\n/g' |cut -b1- 8 |sed -r -n '/^.{8}$/p' | sed 's/^/186/' |head -n5000 |vi - --Get 10,000 phone numbers

# od -N40000 -tu4 /dev/urandom | sed -r 's/^[0-9]+(\s+)?//' | sed -r 's/\s+/\n/g' | grep -vE '^\s*$' > 10k_random --Generate 10,000 random numbers

# sed -r -n '/^.{8}$/p' 10k_random | head -n 100000 | sed ' s/^/186/' > phone_num

3. Get the number sequence

# seq 10 --get 1 to 10

# seq 1 2 10 --Get 1 to 10, step size is 2

# seq 10 100 --Get 10 to 100

# seq 10 -1 1 --Reverse order, 10 to 1

4. if/then example

1. Determine whether the character "a" is equal to "A"

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

if [[ "a" = "A" ]]; then

if [ "a" = "A" ]; then

　echo "a equals A"

else

　echo "a no equals A"

fi

2. Determine whether /root/test/test.sh exists and has executable permissions

# vim test.sh 

#!/bin/bash

if test -x /root/test/test.sh;then

 echo "/root/test /test.sh is executable"

fi

#3. Determine whether the root user exists in the system

# vim test. sh

#!/bin/bash

if grep -E --color=auto ^root: /etc/passwd; then

 echo "user root exists"

fi

4. Determine the file type

# vim test.sh

#!/bin /bash

function isSymbolicLink() {

　file=$1

　flag=$(ls -ld $file | cut -b1)

　test "$flag" = "1"

　return $? 

}

file=$1

if isSymbolicLink $file; then

 echo "Symbolic Link"

elif test -d $file; then

 echo "Directory file"

elif test -f $file; then

 echo "Regular file"

elif test -b $file; then

 echo "Block special"

elif test -c $file; then

 echo "Character special"

elif test -p $file; then

 echo "Named pipe"

elif test -S $file; then

 echo "Socket"

 else

 echo "Unkown"

fi

#5. Determine the size of the input number

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

num=$1

if test "$num" -lt 10 ;then

　echo "Small number"

elif test "$num" -lt 20;then

 echo "Middle number"

elif test "$num" -lt 30;then

 echo " Large number"

else

 echo "Extra large number"

fi

6. Get a number from the standard input and calculate it according to its size Output the specified string 

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter a number: "

read num

if [ "$num" -lt 100 ]; then

echo "Less than 100"

elif [ "$num" -ge 100 -a "$num" -lt 200 ]; then

echo "Greater than or equal to 100 and less than 200"

elif [ "$num" -ge 200 -a "$num" -lt 300 ]; then

 echo "Greater than or equal to 200 and less than 300"

else

echo "Other numbers"

fi

5. wihle loop

1. Understanding

Test the return code of a command after the while keyword. When the condition is true, the program reads into the while loop body Instructions; 0 is true. The loop body is as follows: 

while [] --while then run the [ ] command and test the return code of the [ ] command

cat /filename | while read line　　　 --While, run the read command later and test the return code of the read command

do

......

done

2. Loop control statement

continue --terminate the current loop and start the next one

break --terminate the current loop and exit the loop body

exit -- Terminate the current script

3, Example

# vim test.sh --Distinguish the difference between continue and break 

#!/bin/bash

while true

do

sleep 1

echo test

continue/break

echo

done

# vim test.sh --Distinguish the difference between break and exit

#!/bin/bash

while test -e /data/test/test.sh

do

echo "exists"

sleep 1

break/exit

done

echo "loop end"

# vim test.sh --Look for the path we gave until we find it

#!/bin/bash

if test $# -ne 1;then

echo "wrong paraneter" >&2

exit

fi

path=$1

while test ! -e "$path"

do

sleep 1

echo "don't found!!!"

done

echo "found"

# vim test.sh --The script runs for the specified time and exits when the time is up; the unit is s

#!/bin/ bash

if test $# -ne 1;then

echo "Usage: $(basename $0) TIME" >&2

exit 1

fi

timeLength=$1

beginTime=$(date +%s)

endTime=$(( $beginTime + $timeLength ))

- -------------------------------------------------- ------

while test $(date +%s) -lt "$endTime"

do

echo "processing...."

sleep 1

done

-------------------------------- --------------------------

while true

do

if test $(date +%s) -ge "$endTime";then

break

fi

echo "processing...."

 sleep 1

done

-------------------------------------------------- ----------

echo "time out"

# vim test.sh --Loop to read each line of the file and calculate the value of each line Number of characters

#!/bin/bash

file=$1

----------------- ----------------------------------------

totalLines=$( wc -l < $file)

line=1

while test $line -le $totalLines

do

lineData=$(sed - n "${line}p" $file)

len=$(echo -n $lineData | wc -c)

echo "line ${line}: $len"

line=$(( $line + 1 ))

done

--------------------- ----------------------------------

line=1

 while read lineData

do

len=$(echo $lineData | wc -c)

echo "line ${line}: $len "

line=$(( $line + 1 ))

done < $file

--------- ------------------------------------------------

# vim test.sh -- Print out 10 lines of hello world; <(seq 10) is equivalent to a file path; called process replacement 

#!/ bin/bash

while read num

do

echo "hello world"

done < <(seq 10)

--------------------------------------------- --------------

n=1

while [ $n -le 10 ]

do

echo "hello world"

n=$((n+1))

done

---------- --------------------------------------------------

# vim test.sh --Create an endless loop, requiring the loop to terminate automatically after running for 1 minute

#!/bin/bash

start_time =$(date +%s)

while true

do

cur_time=$(date +%s)

test $((cur_time - start_time)) -ge 10 && break

time=$((cur_time - start_time))

echo "time is $time..."

sleep 1

done

# vim test.sh --First use a while loop to create 100 .txt files; then change the suffix names of all files to .html

#!/bin/bash

count=100

------------------------ --------------------------------

seq $count | while read i

do

touch ${i}.txt

done

ls -1 *.txt | while read oldname 

do

newname=$(echo $oldname | sed 's/.txt$/.html/')

mv $oldname $newname

done

--------------------------------------------- ---------------

while read i

do

touch ${i}.txt

 done < <( seq $count )

while read oldname

do

newname=$(echo $oldname | sed 's/ .txt$/.html/')

mv $oldname $newname

done < <(ls -1 *.txt )

# vim test.sh --Calculate the sum of even numbers within 1000; pipes cannot be used because pipes will generate child processes 

#!/bin/bash

sum=0

while read num

do

sum=$(( $sum + $num ))

done < <(seq 2 2 998)

echo "sum: $sum "

# vim test.sh --Add 100 email users in batches, the usernames are u1 to u100, the password is abc, the login shell is /sbin/nologin, and they only belong to the email group

 #!/bin/bash

password=abc

group=email

grep -Eq "^${group}:" /etc/group || groupadd $group 

while read i

#do

useradd u${i} -N -g $group -s /sbin/nologin

passwd u${ i} --stdin <<< "$password"

done < <(seq 100)

# vim test.sh --Batch delete just created 100 mail users

#!/bin/bash

while read i

do

userdel -r u${i}

done < <(seq 100

6. for loop

In a series of items separated by delimiters In the string, one of them is taken at a time in order. When it is finished, the loop ends

The string taken out each time will be saved in a variable, which can be used in the loop body

Strings separated by delimiters can be provided through the following methods: 

1. Manually enter the string for looping the specified number of times

# vim test .sh

#!/bin/bash

for i in 1 2 3

do

echo $i

don

2. Provide the string by the variable

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

FILES="/bin/bash /bin/ls /bin/cat"

for file in $FILES 

do

echo $file

done

3. String generated by the program

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

for n in $(seq 11)

do

　echo $n

done

4、 Generated by shell expansion, looping files in the directory 

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

for f in / etc/init.d/*

do

echo $f

done

# vim test.sh

5. Print out the file names of all files starting with loop under /dev 

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

 for file in /dev/loop*

do

echo $(basename $file)

done

6. Calculate the number of 1000 The sum of even numbers within 

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

sum=0

for number in $ (seq 2 2 998)

do

　sum=$(( $sum + $number ))

done

echo "total: $sum "

7. Add 100 email users in batches. The user names are u1 to u10, the password is abc, the login shell is /sbin/nologin, and they only belong to the email group

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

function checkGid() {

gid=$1

if ! grep -qE " ^$gid:" /etc/group; then

groupadd $gid

fi

}

function isRoot() {

id=$(id | awk -F "[=(]" '{print $2}')

if test "$id" -ne 0; then

echo "must be root" >&2

exit 1

fi

}

count=10

namePrefix=u

password=abc

shell=/sbin/nologin

gid=email

isRoot

checkGid $gid

for num in $(seq $count)

do

name=${namePrefix}${num}

useradd $name -s $shell -g $gid &> /dev/null

if test $? -ne 0; then

echo "failed to create $name" >&2

else

echo "created successfully -- $name"

echo "$password" | passwd --stdin $name &> /dev/null

if test $? -ne 0; then

echo "failed to change password for $name" >&2

else

echo "password changed successfully -- $name"

fi

fi

done

8、获取局域网内所有电脑的IP 和MAC 地址的对应表

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

ipPrefix=192.168.1.

startIp=1

endIp=254

for num in $(seq $startIp $endIp)

do

ip=${ipPrefix}$num

ping -W1 -c1 $ip &>/dev/null &

done

wait

arp -n | sed '/incomplete/d' | awk '{print $1,$3}'| cat | sort -n -t '.' -k4,4 | column -t

9. Print out the multiplication table

# vim test.sh

#!/bin/bash

for row in $ (seq 9)

do

for col in $(seq $row)

do

echo -n "${col}x${ row}=$(( $col * $row )) "

done

echo

done | column -t

10、 Simple calculator

#!/bin/bash

varnum=3

if test "$#" -ne "$varnum"; then

echo "wrong argument" >&2

exit 1

fi

num1=$1

num2=$3

 operator=$2

if test "$operator" = "x";then

operator="*"

fi

if test "$operator " = "/" -a "$num2" = 0; then

echo "division by 0" >& 2

exit 1

fi

result=$(( $num1 $operator $num2 ))

echo "$result"

Note: processing of multiplication; processing when the dividend is 0 

11. Copy certain files in the specified directory to the specified directory. Requirements: 

#1. Receive two parameters from the command line parameters, namely Source directory and target directory

#2. If the source directory does not exist, an error should be reported

#3. If the target directory does not exist, create one

#4. If If the target already exists but is not a directory, an error will be reported

#5. Only copy regular files and soft link files

#6. For regular files, only files less than 1M in size will be copied

# vim /test.sh

#!/bin/bash

function displayHelp()

{

echo "Usage: $(basename $0) SRCDIR DSTDIR"

}

function getSize()

{

file=$1

size=$(ls -l $file | awk '{print $5}')

echo $size

}

if test $# -ne 2; then

displayHelp >&2

exit 1

fi

srcdir=$1

dstdir=$2

if test ! -d "$srcdir"; then

echo "$srcdir not exists or is not a directory" >&2

exit 1

fi

if test ! -e "$dstdir"; then

mkdir "$dstdir"

fi

if test ! -d "$dstdir"; then

echo "$dstdir is not a directory" >&2

exit 1

fi

for file in $srcdir/*

do

if test -L $file; then

cp -a $file $dstdir/

elif test -f $file; then

---------------------------------------------------

size=$(getSize $file)

if test "$size" -lt 1048576; then

cp -a $file $dstdir/

fi

---------------------------------------------------

find $file -type f -size -1024k -exec cp -a {} $dstdir/ \;

---------------------------------------------------

fi

done

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