What would happen if you used a large mirror as a surfboard? You may be able to conquer waves in a shorter period of time, but you surely know deep down that this is not the right choice for surfing. The same principle applies to PHP programming, although the analogy may sound a little weird. We often hear of people trying to learn PHP in just over a weekend, but IMHO this is a very poor way to learn this programming language. Why is the process of learning PHP different from any other language?
By its nature, if you master the way of "doing things" in the PHP language, you will become more comfortable using it, so it is worth the investment to understand these ways. In PHP, simply solving problems according to your own ideas is often a wrong approach. This is not because you are a bad programmer, but because there are some standard techniques you must use if you want to write good maintainable code. Let’s take a look at the top 10 tips you need to know.
1. How to correctly create the Index page of a website
When creating every website, establishing the index page of the website is one of the first things to do. If you are new to PHP, a typical approach when writing an index page is to program only the content required for the index page, and create another page for other links. However, if you want to learn a more efficient way to implement PHP programming, you can use the "index.php?page=home" mode, which is used by many websites.
2. Use Request Global Array to capture data
In fact, we have no reason to use $_GET and $_POST arrays to capture values. The global array $_REQUEST allows you to obtain a get or form request. Therefore, in most cases a more efficient code for parsing the data would look something like this:
$action = isset($_REQUEST['action']) ? $_REQUEST['action'] : 0;
3. Use var_dump to debug PHP code
If you are looking for PHP debugging technology, I must say that var_dump should be the goal you are looking for. This command can meet all your needs when it comes to displaying php information. Most cases of debugging code are related to getting values in PHP.
4. PHP handles the code logic and Smarty handles the presentation layer
Smarty is a template PHP template engine written in PHP and is currently the most famous PHP template in the industry One of the engines. It separates logical code and external content, providing an easy-to-manage and use method to logically separate PHP code that is originally mixed with HTML code. Simply put, the purpose is to separate PHP programmers from front-end personnel, so that programmers change the logical content of the program without affecting the page design of the front-end personnel, and front-end personnel re-modify the page without affecting the program logic of the program. This is particularly important in projects involving multi-person collaboration.
5. When you really need to use global values, create a Config file
It is a bad practice to create global values frequently, but sometimes the actual situation does require it Do this. It's a good idea to use global values for database table or database connection information, but don't use global values frequently in your PHP code. Alternatively, a better approach is to store your global variables in a config.php file.
6. If it is not defined, access is prohibited!
If you create the page correctly, there is no reason for anyone else to access the index.php page outside of index.php or home.php. Once index.php is accessed, you can open the required page by obtaining the variables. Your index page should contain code similar to the following:
<ol class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span>define(</span><span class="string">'yourPage'</span><span>,1); </span></span></li></ol>
Then, other pages should contain:
<ol class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">if</span><span> (!defined(</span><span class="string">'yourPage'</span><span>)) </span><span class="keyword">die</span><span>(</span><span class="string">'Access Denied'</span><span>); </span></span></li></ol>
The purpose of this is to prevent direct access to your other php pages. In this way, anyone who tries to access other web pages without going through index.php will get an "Access Denied" message.
7. Create a database class
If you are doing database programming (a very common task in PHP), a good idea is to create a database class to Handle any database management functions. The sample code is as follows:
<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">function</span><span> dbExec(</span><span class="vars">$query</span><span>) </span></span></li>
<li><span>{ </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$result</span><span> = </span><span class="vars">$this</span><span>->db-></span><span class="func">exec</span><span>(</span><span class="vars">$query</span><span>); </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">if</span><span> (PEAR::isError(</span><span class="vars">$result</span><span>)) errorRedirect(</span><span class="vars">$result</span><span>->getMessage(), true); </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">else</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">return</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$result</span><span>; </span>
</li>
<li><span>} </span></li>
</ol>This function only receives a query statement and executes it. It also handles any errors that may occur. You can also include audit code here, but I prefer to use a similar audit function:
<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span class="comment">// checks if arguments given are integer values not less than 0 - has multiple arguments function sanitizeInput() { $numargs = func_num_args(); </span><span> </span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$arg_list</span><span> = func_get_args(); </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">for</span><span> (</span><span class="vars">$i</span><span> = 0; </span><span class="vars">$i</span><span> < </span><span class="vars">$numargs</span><span>; </span><span class="vars">$i</span><span>++) </span></li><li><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span class="keyword">if</span><span> (!</span><span class="func">is_numeric</span><span>(</span><span class="vars">$arg_list</span><span>[</span><span class="vars">$i</span><span>]) || </span><span class="vars">$arg_list</span><span>[</span><span class="vars">$i</span><span>] < 0) errorRedirect(</span><span class="string">"Unexpected variable value"</span><span>, true); </span></li><li><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li><li><span> </span></li></ol>8. One php file to handle the input, and one class.php file to handle the specific functions
An important way to clutter your code is to get user input and redirect it to other functions for processing. The principle is very simple, the php file takes whatever input we need and then redirects its execution to a function in the class file. For example, let's say you have a URL like "index.php?page=profile&action=display". The URL is retrieved by profile.php and the action is "display". Then using a simple switch function, we perform the real display function:
<ol class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">require_once</span><span> PROJECTROOT.</span><span class="string">'libs/messages.class.php'</span><span>; </span></span></li><li><span class="vars">$message</span><span> = </span><span class="keyword">new</span><span> Message(); </span></li><li class="alt"><span class="keyword">switch</span><span> (</span><span class="vars">$action</span><span>) { </span><span class="keyword">case</span><span> </span><span class="string">'display'</span><span>: </span><span class="vars">$message</span><span>->display(); </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">break</span><span>; </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>... </span></li>
</ol>As shown above, I use a message class and then start the switch check. $message is just an object used by calling functions in the class.
9、了解你的SQL语句，并总是对其审查（Sanitize）
正如我以前所提到的，任何php网站中最重要的部分有99%的可能是数据库。因此，你需要非常熟悉如何正确的使用sql。学会关联表和更多高级技术。下面我将展示一个使用MySQL的函数示例，并使用本文第7条函数进行审查。
<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">function</span><span> getSentMessages(</span><span class="vars">$id</span><span>) </span></span></li>
<li>
<span>{ </span><span class="vars">$this</span><span>->util->sanitizeInput(</span><span class="vars">$id</span><span>); </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$pm_table</span><span> = </span><span class="vars">$GLOBALS</span><span>[</span><span class="string">'config'</span><span>][</span><span class="string">'privateMsg'</span><span>]; </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$users</span><span> = </span><span class="vars">$GLOBALS</span><span>[</span><span class="string">'config'</span><span>][</span><span class="string">'users'</span><span>]; </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$sql</span><span> = </span><span class="string">"SELECT PM.*, USR.username as name_sender FROM $pm_table PM, </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="string">$users USR WHERE id_sender = '$id' AND sender_purge = FALSE AND USR.id = PM.id_receiver AND is_read = TRUE ORDER BY date_sent DESC"</span><span>; </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$result</span><span> = </span><span class="vars">$this</span><span>->dbQueryAll(</span><span class="vars">$sql</span><span>); </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">return</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$result</span><span>; </span>
</li>
<li><span>} </span></li>
</ol>首先，我们对用户输入进行检查（通过一个GET变量传递消息id），然后我们执行我们的SQL命令。注意这儿SQL的用法。你需要了解如何使用别名和关联表。
10、当你只需要一个对象时，使用单例模式
在PHP中相当常见的一种情形时，我们只需要创建一个对象一次，然后在我们的整个程序中使用它。一个很好的例子就是smarty变量，一旦被初始化后就可以在任何地方使用。这种情形的一个很好实现方案就是单例模式。示例代码如下：
<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">function</span><span> smartyObject() </span></span></li>
<li><span>{ </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">if</span><span> (</span><span class="vars">$GLOBALS</span><span>[</span><span class="string">'config'</span><span>][</span><span class="string">'SmartyObj'</span><span>] == 0) </span>
</li>
<li><span>{ </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$smarty</span><span> = </span><span class="keyword">new</span><span> SmartyGame(); </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$GLOBALS</span><span>[</span><span class="string">'config'</span><span>][</span><span class="string">'SmartyObj'</span><span>] = </span><span class="vars">$smarty</span><span>; </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>} </span></li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">else</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$smarty</span><span> = </span><span class="vars">$GLOBALS</span><span>[</span><span class="string">'config'</span><span>][</span><span class="string">'SmartyObj'</span><span>]; </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">return</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$smarty</span><span>; </span>
</li>
<li><span>} </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span> </span></li>
</ol>注意，我们拥有一个全局smarty变量（该示例中它在config.php中被初始化），如果它的值为0，我们将创建一个新smarty对象。否则，它意味着该对象已经被创建，我们只需要返回它。
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