css3中变形与动画(二)_html/css_WEB-ITnose

WBOY
Release: 2016-06-24 11:40:27
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css3制作动画的几个属性:变形(transform),过渡(transition)和动画(animation)。

transform介绍过了。接下来介绍过渡transition。

一、例子

先通过一个例子感性认识一下transition的动画效果。

鼠标放上去,div宽度从100px增大到200px。

<style type="text/css">    div{        width: 100px;        height: 100px;        background-color: red;    }    div:hover{        width: 200px;    }</style><div></div>
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这效果其实也算是动画,但是非常变化非常快,不平滑。

如果想让鼠标放上去后div宽度在5s内平滑过渡到200px。只需要加一行代码;

div:hover{    width: 200px;<strong> transition:width 5s ease-in;</strong>}
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这里用到的就是transition属性,它就是用来实现属性值平滑过渡,视觉上产生动画效果。

上面用的transition是缩写,包含四个属性:transition-property,transition-duration,transition-timing-function,transition-delay,下面会一一介绍。

二、transition

css3新增transition属性,可以在事件触发元素的样式变化时,让效果更加细腻平滑。

transition用来描述如何让css属性值在一段时间内平滑的从一个值过渡到另一个值。这种过渡效果可以在鼠标点击获得焦点被点击对元素任何改变中触发。

语法:

transition : [<'transition-property'> || <'transition-duration'> || <'transition-timing-function'> || <'transition-delay'> [, [<'transition-property'> || <'transition-duration'> || <'transition-timing-function'> || <'transition-delay'>]]* 
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transition有四个属性值:

transition-property:执行过渡的属性。

transition-duration:指定完成过渡需要的时间。

transition-timing-function,在延续时间段,过渡变换的速率变化,简单理解就是指定过渡函数。

transition-delay:过渡延迟时间。

1、transition-property

transition-property用来指定哪个属性使用过渡动画效果。

语法:

transition-property : none | all | [ <IDENT> ] [ ',' <IDENT> ]*
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none:所有属性都不应用过渡效果。

all:默认值。当值为all时,元素产生任何属性值变化时都将执行transition效果。

ident:元素属性名。通过ident指定具体哪些属性。如果指定的多个属性中有某个属性不能应用过渡效果,其他属性还是生效的。

过渡属性只有具备一个中点值的属性(需要产生动画的属性)才能具备过渡效果。在w3c中列出了所有可以实现transition效果的css属性值以及值的类型,点这里查看。

Property Name     Typebackground-color     as colorbackground-position     as repeatable list of simple list of length, percentage, or calcborder-bottom-color     as colorborder-bottom-width     as lengthborder-left-color     as colorborder-left-width     as lengthborder-right-color     as colorborder-right-width     as lengthborder-spacing     as simple list of lengthborder-top-color     as colorborder-top-width     as lengthbottom     as length, percentage, or calcclip     as rectanglecolor     as colorfont-size     as lengthfont-weight     as font weightheight     as length, percentage, or calcleft     as length, percentage, or calcletter-spacing     as lengthline-height     as either number or lengthmargin-bottom     as lengthmargin-left     as lengthmargin-right     as lengthmargin-top     as lengthmax-height     as length, percentage, or calcmax-width     as length, percentage, or calcmin-height     as length, percentage, or calcmin-width     as length, percentage, or calcopacity     as numberoutline-color     as coloroutline-width     as lengthpadding-bottom     as lengthpadding-left     as lengthpadding-right     as lengthpadding-top     as lengthright     as length, percentage, or calctext-indent     as length, percentage, or calctext-shadow     as shadow listtop     as length, percentage, or calcvertical-align     as lengthvisibility     as visibilitywidth     as length, percentage, or calcword-spacing     as lengthz-index     as integer
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Note:并不是什么属性改变都会触发transiton动画效果,比如页面的自适应宽度,当浏览器改变宽度时,并不会触发transition的效果。但上述表格所示的属性类型改变都会触发一个transition动作效果。

举例:可以同时给几个属性设置动画效果,比如给height和line-height同时设置动画效果,实现div变高文字仍然垂直居中。

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head>    <meta charset="utf-8">    <title>变形与动画</title>    <style type="text/css">div {    width: 300px;    height: 200px;    line-height: 200px;    text-align: center;    background-color: orange;    margin: 20px auto;    -webkit-transition-property: height line-height;    transition-property: height line-height;    -webkit-transition-duration: 1s;    transition-duration: 1s;    -webkit-transition-timing-function: ease-out;    transition-timing-function: ease-out;    -webkit-transition-delay: .2s;    transition-delay: .2s;}div:hover {    height: 100px;    line-height: 100px;}</style></head><body>    <div>文字垂直居中</div></body></html>
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2、transition-duration

transition-duration用来设置从旧属性过渡到新属性需要的时间,即持续时间。

3、transition-timing-function

语法:

<single-transition-timing-function> = ease | linear | ease-in | ease-out | ease-in-out | step-start | step-end | steps(<integer>[, [ start | end ] ]?) | cubic-bezier(<number>, <number>, <number>, <number>)
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transition-timing-function属性指的是过渡的“缓动函数”。通过这个函数会建立一条加速度曲线,因此在整个transition变化过程中,变化速度可以不断改变。主要包括以下几种函数。

  • ease:默认值,元素样式从初始状态过渡到终止状态速度由快到慢,逐渐变慢。
  • linear:意思是线性过渡,即过渡过程恒速。
  • ease-in:速度越来越快,呈现加速状态,通常称为“渐显效果”。
  • ease-out:速度越来越慢,呈现减速状态,通常称为“渐隐效果”。
  • ease-in-out速度先加速后减速,称为“渐显渐隐效果”。
  • 举例:鼠标经过问号,帮助信息渐显渐隐。

    <!doctype html><html><head>    <meta charset="utf-8">    <title>transition-demo by starof</title>    <style>#help{    width:20px;    height:20px;    border-radius:10px;    color:#fff;    background:#000;    text-align:center;    position:relative;    margin:50px 20px;    cursor:pointer;}#help .tips{    position:absolute;    width:300px;    height:100px;    background:#000;    top:-30px;    left:35px;    border-radius:10px;    opacity:0;    /*渐隐效果*/    transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;    -moz-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;    -webkit-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;}.tips:before{    content:"";    border-width:10px;    border-style:solid;    border-color:transparent #000 transparent transparent;    position:absolute;    left:-20px;    top:30px;}#help:hover .tips{    opacity:0.5;    /*渐显效果*/    transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;    -moz-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;    -webkit-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;}</style></head><body>    <div id="help">        ?        <div class="tips">帮助信息</div>    </div></body></html>
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    4、transition-delay

    transition-delay设置改变属性值后多长时间开始执行动画。

    5、属性简写

    在改变多个css属性的transition效果时,把几个transition声明用逗号隔开,然后每个属性就都有各自的过渡时间和效果。

    Note:第一个时间是时长,第二个是延时。

    a{ transition: background 0.8s ease-in 0.3,color 0.6s ease-out 0.3;}
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    三、贝塞尔曲线和transition

    transition的数学模型就是贝塞尔曲线,下面介绍。

    曲线其实就是两点之间插值的效果,贝塞尔曲线是一种插值算法,比线性插值复杂一点。

    贝塞尔曲线:起始点,终止点(也称锚点),控制点。通过调整控制点,贝塞尔曲线的形状发生变化。

    k阶贝塞尔插值算法需要k+1个控制点。

    一阶贝塞尔曲线(线段):意思就是从P0到P1的连续点,用来描述一段线段。一次贝塞尔插值就是线性插值。

    二阶贝塞尔曲线(抛物线):P0-P1是曲线在P0处的切线。

    三阶贝塞尔曲线:

    transition用到的就是三阶贝塞尔插值算法,如下图。

    时间在0,1区间,待变换属性也认为是0,1区间。P0和P3的坐标一直是(0,0)和(1,1)。transition-timing-function属性用来确定P1和P2的坐标。

    ease [0, 0] [0.25, 0.1] [0.25, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]

    linear [0, 0] [0.0, 0.0] [1.0, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]

    ease-in [0, 0] [0.42, 0] [1.0, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]

    ease-out [0, 0] [0, 0] [0.58, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]

    ease-in-out [0, 0] [0.42, 0] [0.58, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]

    step-start steps(1,start)

    step-end steps(1,end)

    cubic-bezier(x1,y1,x2,y2) [0, 0] [x1, y1] [x2, y2] [1.0,1.0]

    四、其他相关资料

    canvas画贝塞尔曲线:查看来源

    <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>bezier demo</title></head><body><div style="width:800px;height:600px;background-color:#fac0c0;"><canvas id="cvs" width="800" height="600">骚瑞,您的浏览器不支持canvas</canvas></div><script type="text/javascript">var cvs=document.getElementById("cvs"),context=cvs.getContext("2d"),points=[];function getXY(node){var x=0,y=0;if (node.offsetParent) {while (node.offsetParent) {x += node.offsetLeft;y += node.offsetTop;node = node.offsetParent;}}else {node.x && (x += node.x);node.y && (y += node.y);}return [x,y];}function drawPoint(x,y,c,b) {!b && (b=2);context.fillStyle=c || "red";context.fillRect(x,y,b,b);}function bezier(points,t){var i,n=points.length-1,x=0,y=0;function fn(p,n,i,t){return arrangement(n,i)*p*Math.pow(1-t,n-i)*Math.pow(t,i);}for(i=0;i<n+1;i++){x+=fn(points[i][0],n,i,t);y+=fn(points[i][1],n,i,t);}return [x,y];}function factorial(n){if(isNaN(n) || n<=0 || Math.floor(n)!==n){return 1;}var s=1;while(n){s*=n--;}return s;}function arrangement(n,r){return factorial(n)/(factorial(r)*factorial(n-r));}cvs.addEventListener("click",function(event){var i,point=getXY(this),x=event.clientX-point[0]+(document.documentElement.scrollLeft || document.body.scrollLeft),y=event.clientY-point[1]+(document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop);points.push([x,y]);context.clearRect(0,0,screen.width,screen.height);context.beginPath();//pointsfor(i=0;i<points.length;i++){drawPoint(points[i][0],points[i][1],"blue",4);}//bezierfor (i = 0; i < 1; i += 0.001) {drawPoint.apply(this, bezier(points,i));}//lineif(points.length==1){context.moveTo(points[0][0],points[0][1]);}else if (points.length>1){for(i=0;i<points.length;i++){context.lineTo(points[i][0],points[i][1]);}context.lineWidth=0.2;context.stroke();context.closePath();}},true);</script></body></html>
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    开发中可使用下面工具:

    缓动函数速查表

    图形工具

    参考:

    cubic-bezier curve.

    transition-timing-function

    timing-function

    下面这篇文章没有原理,但可以让我们从设计师的角度去了解贝塞尔曲线。 

    干货!设计师必须掌握的贝塞尔曲线的秘密

     

    本文作者starof,因知识本身在变化,作者也在不断学习成长,文章内容也不定时更新,为避免误导读者,方便追根溯源,请诸位转载注明出处:有问题欢迎与我讨论,共同进步。

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