Summary of patterns for creating objects in JavaScript

**JavaScript creation object mode:

Object literal
Factory mode
Constructor Pattern
Prototype Mode
Combining constructor and prototype patterns
Prototype dynamic mode
**

Most object-oriented languages have the concept of a class, through which multiple objects with the same methods and properties can be created. Although technically speaking, JavaScript is an object-oriented language, JavaScript does not have the concept of classes, everything is an object. Any object is an instance of a certain reference type, which is created through an existing reference type; the reference type can be native or customized.

1. Object literal

var person = {
    name : 'Nicholas';
    age : '22';
    job :"software Engineer"
    sayName: function() {
      alter(this.name);
  }
}

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In the example, an object named person is created and three attributes (name, age, job) and a method (sayName()) are added to it. The sayName() method is used to display this.name( is parsed as the value of person.name).

Object literals can be used to create a single object, but this method has an obvious disadvantage: creating many objects using the same interface will produce a lot of duplicate code.

2. Factory mode

The factory pattern is a well-known design pattern in the field of software engineering. The factory pattern abstracts the process of creating specific objects and uses functions to encapsulate the details of creating objects with a specific interface.

function createPerson(name,age,job){
  var o = new object{};
  o.name=name;
  o.age=age;
  o.job=job;
  o.sayName=function(){
    alert(this.name);
  };
  return o;
}
var person1=creatPerson("Nicholas",22,"software Engineer");
var person2=creatPerson("Greg",24,"student");

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The function creatPerson{} can construct a Person object containing all necessary information based on the accepted parameters. This function can be called countless times, and each time it will return an object containing three properties and one method.

Although the factory model solves the problem of creating multiple similar objects, it does not solve the problem of object recognition (that is, how to know the type of an object).

3. Constructor pattern

function Person(name,age,job) {
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.job = job;
  this.sayName = function() {
    alert(this.name);
  }
}
//通过new操作符创建Person的实例
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas",22,"software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg",24,"student");
person1.sayName(); //Nicholas
person2.sayName(); //Greg

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The difference from factory mode is

No created object shown

Assign properties and methods directly to this object

No return statement

To create a new instance of Person, you must use the new operator. 4 steps to call the constructor:

Create a new object

Assign the scope of the constructor to the new object (this points to this new object)

Execute the code in the constructor

Return new object

All objects created in this example are both Object instances and Person instances. Can be verified through the instanceof operator.

alert(person1 instanceof Object);//true

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The constructor pattern also has its own problems. In fact, the sayName method will be recreated once on each instance. It should be noted that methods created by instantiation are not equal, as the following code can prove

alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName);//false

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This problem can be solved by moving the method outside the constructor as a global function.

function Person(name,age,job) {
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.job = job;  
}
function sayName() {
    alert(this.name);
  }

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Global functions created under globalization can actually only be called by instances created through Person, which is a bit misnamed; if the object needs to define many methods, then many global functions must be defined, lacking encapsulation.

4. Prototype mode

Every function created in JavaScript has a prototype attribute, which is a pointer to an object that contains properties and methods that can be shared by all instances of a specific type (let all object instances share it properties and methods)

function Person() {}
  Person.prototype.name ="Nicholas";
  Person.prototype.age = 22;
  Person.prototype.job = "software Engineer";  
  Person.prototype.sayName(){
    alert(this.name);
  };
 var person1 = new Person();
 person1.sayName(); //Nicholas
alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName);//true

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以上代码做了这几件事情：

定义了一个构造函数Person，Person函数自动获得一个prototype属性，该属性默认只包含一个指向Person的constructor属性
通过Person.prototype添加三个属性，和一个方法

创建一个Person的实例，随后在实例上调用了sayName()方法

Summary of patterns for creating objects in JavaScript_javascript tips

图中展示了Person构造函数、Person的原型属性以及Person的两个实例，之间的关系。Person.prototype指向了原型对象，Person.prototype.constructor有指回了Person。原型对象中除了包含constructor属性，还包含后来添加的其他属性和方法，Person的两个实例person1和person2都包含一个内部属性，该属性仅指向Person.prototype。

sayName()方法的调用过程：

在person1实例上查找logName()方法，发现没有这个方法，于是追溯到person1的原型

在person1的原型上查找sayame()方法，有这个方法，于是调用该方法

基于这样一个查找过程，我们可以通过在实例上定义原型中的同名属性，来阻止该实例访问原型上的同名属性，需要注意的是，这样做并不会删除原型上的同名属性，仅仅是阻止实例访问。

function Person() {}
  Person.prototype.name ="Nicholas";
  Person.prototype.age = 22;
  Person.prototype.job = "software Engineer";  
  Person.prototype.sayName(){
    alert(this.name);
  };
 var person1 = new Person();
 var person2 = new Person();
 person1.name="Greg"
alert(person1.name) //Greg 来自实例
alert(person2.name) //Nicholas 来自原型

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使用delete操作符可以完全删除实例属性

delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name) //Nicholas 来自原型

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使用hasOwnProperty()方法可以检测一个属性是存在于实例还是原型中

function Person() {}
  Person.prototype.name ="Nicholas";
  Person.prototype.age = 22;
  Person.prototype.job = "software Engineer";  
  Person.prototype.sayName(){
    alert(this.name);
  };
 var person1 = new Person();
 var person2 = new Person();
 alert(person1,hasOwnProperty("name"));//false
 person1.name="Greg"
alert(person1.name) //Greg 来自实例
 alert(person1,hasOwnProperty("name"));//true
alert(person2.name) //Nicholas 来自原型
 alert(person2,hasOwnProperty("name"));//false
 delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name) //Nicholas 来自原型
 alert(person1,hasOwnProperty("name"));//false

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下图展示了在不同情况下实例与原型之间的关系

Summary of patterns for creating objects in JavaScript_javascript tips

简单的原型语法

function Person() {}
 Person.prototype={
 name ："Nicholas",
 age ： 22,
 job ： "software Engineer", 
 sayName：function(){
    alert(this.name);
    }
  };

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在上面的代码中constructor属性不再指向Person了，通过constructor无法确定对象的类型了。可以像下面这样特意将他设置回适当的值

function Person() {}
 Person.prototype={
 constructor:Person,
 name ："Nicholas",
 age ： 22,
 job ： "software Engineer",  
 sayName：function(){
    alert(this.name);
    }
  };

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重设constructor属性会导致它的[[Enumerable]]特性被设置为true，默认情况，原生的constructor属性是不可枚举的，可以使用Object.defineProperty()方法来改变

Object.defineProperty(Person.prototype,"constructor",{
  enumerable:false,
  value:Person
});

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原型中查找值的过程是一次搜索，原型对象所做的任何修改都能从实例上立即反应出来

var friend=new Person();
Person.prototype.sayHi=function(){
  alert("hi);
}
friend,sayHi();//"hi"(没有问题)

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person实例是在添加新方法之前创建的，但仍可以访问新添加的方法，原因是实例与原型之间的松散连接关系
重写原型对象后的情况

function Person() {}
var friend=new Person();
 Person.prototype={
 name ："Nicholas",
 age ： 22,
 job ： "software Engineer", 
 sayName：function(){
    alert(this.name);
    }
  };
  friend.sayName();//error

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调用friend.sayName()时发生错误的原因是，friend指向的原型中不包含以该字段命名的属性，如下图。

Summary of patterns for creating objects in JavaScript_javascript tips

原型对象的问题

原型对象省略了为构造函数传递初始化参数这一环节，所有势力在默认情况下都取得相同的属性值。原型模型最大的问题是有其共享本性所导致的。当原型模型包含引用类型的属性来说，问题就比较严重了。来看下面的例子。

function Person() {}
 Person.prototype={
 constructor:Person,
 name ："Nicholas",
 age ： 22,
 job ： "software Engineer",  
 friends:["Shelby","Court"],
 sayName：function(){
    alert(this.name);
    }
  };
  var person1=new Person();
  var person2=new Person();
  person1.friend.push("Van");
  alert(person1.friends);//"Shelby,Court,Van"
  alert(person2.friends);//"Shelby,Court,Van"
 alert(person1.friends==person2.friends);//true

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5、组合使用构造函数模式和原型模式

组合使用构造函数模式和原型模式中，构造函数用于定义实例属性，原型模型用于定义方法和共享的属性。这样每个实例都会有自己的一份实例属性的副本，同时也可以共享对方法的引用，最大限度的节省了内存。

function Person(name,age,job) {
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.job = job;  
  this.friends=["Shelby","Court"];
}
Person.prototype={
 constructor：Person，
 sayName：function(){
    alert(this.name);
    }
  }
var person1=new Person("Nicholas",22,"software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg",24,"student");
person1.friend.push("Van");
  alert(person1.friends);//"Shelby,Court,Van"
  alert(person2.friends);//"Shelby,Court"
 alert(person1.friends==person2.friends);//false
 alert(person1.sayName==person2.sayName);//true

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6、动态原型模式

原型动态模式将需要的所有信息都封装到构造函数中，通过if语句判断原型中的某个属性是否存在，若不存在（在第一次调用这个构造函数的时候），执行if语句内部的原型初始化代码。

function Person(name,age) {
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.job =job;
//方法
  if(typeof this.sayName != 'function') {
  Person.prototype.sayName = function() {
      alert(this.name);
    };   
  }
}
var friend = new Person('Nicholas','22','Software Engineer');//初次调用构造函数，此时修改了原型
var person2 = new Person('amy','21');//此时sayName()方法已经存在，不会再修改原型

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Recommended reading:

Several common ways to create objects in js object-oriented (factory mode, constructor mode, prototype mode)

The above is the mode of creating objects in JavaScript introduced by the editor. I hope it will be helpful to you!