Securing Nginx with SSL/TLS

To configure Nginx's SSL/TLS service, you need to prepare the certificate and private key and set the relevant parameters in the serverblock. 1. Prepare the certificate file: Obtain the certificate in .crt or .pem format and the corresponding .key private key. You can use Let'sEncrypt or commercial organization to issue it, and merge the intermediate certificate into the bundle file; 2. Configure the serverblock: define listen443ssl, ssl_certificate path as /etc/ssl/example.com.crt, and ssl_certificate_key path as /etc/ssl/example.com.k in the site configuration file.

TosetupanNginxserverblock,firstunderstanditsstructureusingtheserverdirectivewithsettingslikelisten,server_name,andlocation;next,createadirectorystructureforyoursitesuchas/var/www/example.com/htmlandsetproperpermissions;thenenabletheserverblockbycreat

proxy_pass is used in Nginx to forward client requests to the backend server, and its core role is to enable Nginx to handle HTTP requests as a reverse proxy. 1. It receives user requests and forwards to the specified backend service (such as Node.js application running on port 3000); 2. Nginx will process the response returned by the backend and send it back to the user. At the same time, it can add cache, compression or access control functions in the process; 3. When setting, pay attention to the relationship between path matching and tail slashes to determine whether to strip the path of the matching part; 4. It is necessary to cooperate with setting standard proxy headers (such as Host, X-Real-IP, etc.) to ensure that the backend obtains the correct context information; 5. Common problems include path not

To block a specific User-Agent, it can be implemented in Nginx, Apache, or code (such as PHP, Python). 1. In Nginx, judge $http_user_agent by if and return 403; 2. In Apache, use SetEnvIfNoCase and Deny to deny access; 3. judge User-Agent in the program and intercept the request. Common UAs that need to be blocked include python-requests, curl, empty UA, etc. Choosing the appropriate method can effectively reduce garbage traffic and security risks.

To efficiently provide MP4 video files, you need to enable byte range requests, optimize file structure, rational encoding and compression, and adopt strategic caching. First, enable byte range request (Accept-Ranges:bytes) to support video jumps, interrupted broadcasts and adaptive bit rate streams; second, use tools such as qt-faststart to move MOOV atoms to the beginning of the file to achieve bottom-playing; third, use H.264/H.265 encoding, reasonably set the bit rate and enable double-pass encoding to reduce the file size while ensuring quality; finally, by setting long-term Cache-Control headers and using CDN for edge caching, reduce server load and improve response speed.

To provide static files efficiently, we need to start from four aspects: cache policy, compression transmission, CDN acceleration and response header settings. 1. Enable browser caching, set long-term cache through Cache-Control and Expires, and add version numbers to the file name to ensure that the update takes effect; 2. Use Gzip or Brotli to compress text files, enable compression and control the compression level in combination with server configuration; 3. Use CDN to distribute resources to global nodes, improve loading speed and alleviate traffic pressure; 4. Set the correct MIME type and security response header to ensure the correct resolution and security of resources.

Key measures to protect the security of Nginx servers include: 1. Configure HTTPS encrypted connections, use Let'sEncrypt free certificates and automatically configure them through Certbot, set up forced jumps and appropriate encryption suites, and enable automatic renewal; 2. Restrict access permissions, protect sensitive paths through IP control and BasicAuth authentication; 3. Turn off information leakage, hide version numbers, prohibit directory browsing, and customize error pages to reduce the attack surface.

Nginx's if statement is limited and has traps, which is officially called "ifisevil". Its basic usage is to execute instructions according to conditions in server or location block, such as preventing specific User-Agents or redirecting domain names; but problems include: 1. Some instructions such as proxy_pass behave abnormally in if; 2. The execution order depends on priority rather than code order, and the logic may not meet expectations; 3. Multiple if conditions are judged independently, which may lead to conflicts or overwrite operations, such as rewrite being ignored by return; the recommended alternative is to use map modules, multi-layer location matching or handing over complex logic to the backend; in summary, if is suitable for simple judgments and complex scenarios