Practical case analysis and reference case analysis of grep command in Linux system

[root@mufeng test]# grep --help
用法: grep [选项]... PATTERN [FILE]...
在每个 FILE 或是标准输入中查找 PATTERN。
默认的 PATTERN 是一个基本正则表达式(缩写为 BRE)。
例如: grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c
正则表达式选择与解释:
-E, --extended-regexp PATTERN 是一个可扩展的正则表达式(缩写为 ERE)
-F, --fixed-strings PATTERN 是一组由断行符分隔的定长字符串。
-G, --basic-regexpPATTERN 是一个基本正则表达式(缩写为 BRE)
-P, --perl-regexp PATTERN 是一个 Perl 正则表达式
-e, --regexp=PATTERN用 PATTERN 来进行匹配操作
-f, --file=FILE 从 FILE 中取得 PATTERN
-i, --ignore-case 忽略大小写
-w, --word-regexp 强制 PATTERN 仅完全匹配字词
-x, --line-regexp 强制 PATTERN 仅完全匹配一行
-z, --null-data 一个 0 字节的数据行，但不是空行
Miscellaneous:
-s, --no-messages suppress error messages
-v, --invert-matchselect non-matching lines
-V, --version display version information and exit
--helpdisplay this help text and exit
输出控制:
-m, --max-count=NUM NUM 次匹配后停止
-b, --byte-offset 输出的同时打印字节偏移
-n, --line-number 输出的同时打印行号
--line-buffered 每行输出清空
-H, --with-filename 为每一匹配项打印文件名
-h, --no-filename 输出时不显示文件名前缀
--label=LABEL 将LABEL 作为标准输入文件名前缀
-o, --only-matching show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
-q, --quiet, --silent suppress all normal output
--binary-files=TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE;
TYPE is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match'
-a, --textequivalent to --binary-files=text
-Iequivalent to --binary-files=without-match
-d, --directories=ACTIONhow to handle directories;
ACTION is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip'
-D, --devices=ACTIONhow to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
ACTION is 'read' or 'skip'
-r, --recursive like --directories=recurse
-R, --dereference-recursive
likewise, but follow all symlinks
--include=FILE_PATTERN
search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
--exclude=FILE_PATTERN
skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
--exclude-from=FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
--exclude-dir=PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
-L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match
-l, --files-with-matchesprint only names of FILEs containing matches
-c, --count print only a count of matching lines per FILE
-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up (if needed)
-Z, --nullprint 0 byte after FILE name
文件控制:
-B, --before-context=NUM打印以文本起始的NUM 行
-A, --after-context=NUM 打印以文本结尾的NUM 行
-C, --context=NUM 打印输出文本NUM 行
-NUMsame as --context=NUM
--group-separator=SEP use SEP as a group separator
--no-group-separatoruse empty string as a group separator
--color[=WHEN],
--colour[=WHEN] use markers to highlight the matching strings;
WHEN is 'always', 'never', or 'auto'
-U, --binarydo not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS/Windows)
-u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if CRs were not there
(MSDOS/Windows)

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep ^root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep "root" /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
[root@mufenggrow ~]# 

root@mufenggrow ~]# echo root >> a.txt
[root@mufenggrow ~]# echo root >> b.txt
[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep "root" /etc/passwda.txt b.txt
/etc/passwd:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
/etc/passwd:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
a.txt:root
b.txt:root
[root@mufenggrow ~]# 

[root@mufenggrow ~]# cp /etc/passwd ./
## 源文件一共35行
[root@mufenggrow ~]# cat /etc/passwd |wc -l
35
## 追加空行进去
[root@mufenggrow ~]# echo "" >> /etc/passwd
[root@mufenggrow ~]# cat /etc/passwd |wc -l
36
## 去掉空行测试
[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep -v ^$/etc/passwd |wc -l
35
[root@mufenggrow ~]# 

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep -v ^# passwd |wc -l
35

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep root /etc/passwd--color=auto
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
[root@mufenggrow ~]# 

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep -o root /etc/passwd
root
root
root
root

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep -n "root" passwd
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
11:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

root@mufenggrow ~]# grep -n "" passwd |awk -F : '{print $1}' |tail -n 1
35

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep -c "root" passwd
2

[root@mufenggrow ~]# grep -c "$" passwd
35