这篇文章主要介绍了MySQL学习笔记之数据定义表约束,分页方法,结合实例形式总结分析了数据定义、主键、外键、自增长、约束等概念与用法,并给出了关于分页的实例与相关操作技巧,需要的朋友可以参考下
本文实例讲述了MySQL学习笔记之数据定义表约束，分页方法。分享给大家供大家参考，具体如下：
1. primary key 主键
特点：主键是用于唯一标识一条记录的约束，一张表最多只能有一个主键，不能为空也不能重复
create table user1(id int primary key,name varchar(32)); mysql> insert into user1 values(1,'hb'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec) mysql> insert into user1 values(1,'hb'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' mysql> insert into user1 (name) values('hb'); ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
2. auto_increament 自增长
mysql> create table user2(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(34));
mysql> insert into user2 (name ) values ("name1");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
mysql> insert into user2 (name ) values ("name2");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into user2 (name ) values ("name3");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)
mysql> select * from user2;
+----+-------+
| id | name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | name1 |
| 2 | name2 |
| 3 | name3 |
+----+-------+3. unique 唯一约束
特点：表的某列值不能重复，可以添加重复的NULL
create table user3(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(34) unique);
mysql> create table user3(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(34) unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)
mysql> insert into user3 (name ) values ("name3");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)
mysql> insert into user3 (name ) values ("name3");
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'name3' for key 'name'允许插入null，并且可以多个
mysql> insert into user3 (name ) values (null); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec) mysql> insert into user3 (name ) values (null); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec) mysql> select * from user3; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 3 | NULL | | 4 | NULL | | 1 | name3 | +----+-------+
4. not null
mysql表的列默认情况下可以为null,如果不允许某列为空则可以使用not null说明
create table user4 (id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(32) not null); mysql> insert into user4 (name) values(null); ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot be null
5. foreign key 外键
从理论上说先建立主表，再建立从表
雇员表：
create table dept(id int primary key , name varchar(32));
部门表：
create table emp( id int primary key , name varchar(32), deptid int, constraint myforeignkey foreign key(deptid) references dept(id) ); mysql> select * from dept; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | name1 | +----+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into emp values(1,'aaa',1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.22 sec) mysql> insert into emp values(1,'aaa',2); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' mysql> insert into emp values(1,'aaa',null); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' mysql> insert into emp values(2,'aaa',null); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec) mysql> select * from emp; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | deptid | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | | 2 | aaa | NULL | +----+------+--------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
总结：
① 外键只能指向主表的主见列或者unique
② 外键的数据类型应该与它指向的列类型一致
③ 外键的值：NULL 或者 指向列中存在的值
④ 外键可以指向本表的主键列或者unique
mysql 不支持check
create table user99(age int check(age>13)); mysql> create table user99(age int check(age>13)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec) mysql> insert into user99 values(99); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec) mysql> select * from user99; +------+ | age | +------+ | 99 | +------+
mysql 分页
基本语法：
select * from 表明 where 条件 limit 从第几条取,取出几条
mysql 是从第0条开始取数据
mysql> select * from student; +------+--------+---------+---------+------+ | id | name | chinese | english | math | +------+--------+---------+---------+------+ | 1 | 张小明 | 89 | 78 | 90 | | 2 | 李进 | 67 | 98 | 56 | | 3 | 王五 | 87 | 78 | 77 | | 4 | 李一 | 88 | 98 | 90 | | 5 | 李来财 | 82 | 84 | 67 | | 6 | 张进宝 | 55 | 85 | 45 | | 7 | 张小明 | 75 | 65 | 30 | +------+--------+---------+---------+------+ 7 rows in set (0.05 sec) mysql> select * from student limit 2,2; +------+------+---------+---------+------+ | id | name | chinese | english | math | +------+------+---------+---------+------+ | 3 | 王五 | 87 | 78 | 77 | | 4 | 李一 | 88 | 98 | 90 | +------+------+---------+---------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
按照语文成绩排序，查处第3条到第5条
mysql> select * from student order by chinese desc limit 3,2; +------+--------+---------+---------+------+ | id | name | chinese | english | math | +------+--------+---------+---------+------+ | 5 | 李来财 | 82 | 84 | 67 | | 7 | 张小明 | 75 | 65 | 30 | +------+--------+---------+---------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
扩展，分页:pageNow , pageSize
select * from 表明 where 条件 [group by … having … order by …]limit 从第几条取,取出几条
select * from 表明 where 条件 [group by … having … order by …]limit (pageNow-1)*pageSize, pageSize
