如何丢弃工作目录中的更改（恢复为最后一个提交）？

要丢弃 Git 工作目录中的修改并回到最近一次提交的状态，1. 对于已跟踪文件的修改，使用 git checkout -- <file> 或 git checkout -- . 丢弃所有修改；2. 对于未跟踪的新建文件，使用 git clean -f 删除文件，若包含目录则用 git clean -fd，执行前可用 git clean -fdn 预览删除内容；3. 若需一次性重置所有更改（包括暂存区和工作目录），使用 git reset --hard，此命令会重置工作目录和暂存区，务必谨慎操作。这些方法可单独或组合使用，以达到清理工作目录的目的。

If you’ve made changes in your working directory and want to discard them—meaning you want to go back to the state of the last commit—there are straightforward ways to do this with Git. It’s a common situation, especially when experimenting or troubleshooting.

Discarding Changes in Tracked Files

If you’ve modified files that are already tracked by Git (files you’ve added and committed before), and you want to revert those changes to match the last commit, use:

git checkout -- <file>

This will discard changes in the specified file. If you want to discard all changes in the working directory, run:

git checkout -- .

Important: This only affects tracked files. Any new files you've created that aren’t tracked yet won’t be touched by this command.

Removing Untracked Files

If you’ve created new files that haven’t been added to Git yet and you want to remove them along with discarding changes in tracked files, you’ll need to combine a couple of commands:

• To remove untracked files:

  git clean -f

• To remove directories as well:

  git clean -fd

Before running these, you might want to check what will be deleted by using the -n option (dry run):

git clean -fdn

Reverting Everything at Once (Including Both Staged and Unstaged)

If you want to completely reset your working directory to the last commit—including staged changes—you can use:

git reset --hard

This is a powerful command—it resets both the working directory and the staging area to match the last commit. Use it with care, especially if you’re not fully sure whether you want to lose all recent changes.

One thing to note: --hard is what makes Git reset the working directory files. Without it, the reset would leave your files untouched.

If you're just trying to undo local changes and start fresh from the last commit, combining git reset --hard and git clean -fd usually gets you there. It's a solid combo for cleaning up your working tree.

基本上就这些。

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