Python Django框架開始

學習Django框架並不像看起來那麼難。如果你懂Python，就已經具備了基礎條件。以下是關鍵步驟：1. 設置開發環境，確保安裝Python 3.8或更高版本，並用pip安裝Django；2. 使用django-admin startproject創建項目，運行服務器測試是否成功；3. 理解MTV架構，模型定義數據結構，視圖處理邏輯，模板負責展示；4. 創建應用並添加到配置中，定義模型後通過makemigrations和migrate更新數據庫。掌握這些基礎後，進一步學習模板、靜態文件管理和部署會更加輕鬆。

Starting with the Django framework isn't as intimidating as it might seem at first. If you already know some Python, you're halfway there. Django is built to help developers build web applications quickly and efficiently, with a strong focus on clean design and practicality.

Setting up your environment

Before diving into Django, make sure your development environment is ready. You'll need Python installed — ideally version 3.8 or higher. Most modern systems come with Python pre-installed, but it's always good to double-check using python --version or python3 --version .

Once Python is confirmed, install Django using pip:

• Run pip install django in your terminal or command prompt
• Wait for the installation to complete (it usually doesn't take long)
• Confirm it worked by typing django-admin --version

It's also a good idea to use virtual environments to manage dependencies. Tools like venv or poetry can help isolate each project's packages so they don't interfere with each other.

Creating your first project

Now that Django is installed, let's start a new project. Use the command django-admin startproject myproject , replacing "myproject" with whatever name fits your app. This creates a basic folder structure with key files already set up.

Inside your project directory, you'll see:

• A settings file ( settings.py ) where you configure databases, apps, and more
• A URL dispatcher ( urls.py ) that maps URLs to views
• An entry point script ( wsgi.py or asgi.py ) for deployment

To test if everything works, run python manage.py runserver . You should see Django's default welcome page when you visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/ in your browser.

Understanding the MTV pattern

Django uses the MTV (Model-Template-View) architectural pattern. It's slightly different from the classic MVC you may have heard of, but the concept is similar.

• Models define your data structure and interact with the database.
• Views contain the business logic — what happens when someone visits a page.
• Templates are the HTML files that get rendered and sent back to the user's browser.

Let's say you want to display a list of blog posts. You'd create a model for the Post object, write a view that fetches all posts from the database, and then pass them to a template that loops through and displays each one.

This separation makes your code easier to organize and maintain, especially as your application grows.

Building and running your first app

Django projects are made up of multiple apps. Each app typically handles a specific part of your website — like users, blog posts, or comments.

To create an app:

• Run python manage.py startapp blog
• Add 'blog' to the INSTALLED_APPS list in settings.py

From here, you can define models in models.py , create views in views.py , and link URLs in urls.py inside your app folder.

For example, a simple blog post model could look like this:

 from django.db import models

class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    content = models.TextField()
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

After defining your model, run python manage.py makemigrations and then python manage.py migrate to apply the changes to the database.

That's the core of getting started with Django. There's more to learn, especially around templates, static files, admin customization, and deploying your site — but once you've got the basics down, the rest starts to fall into place.

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