如何丟棄工作目錄中的更改（恢復為最後一個提交）？

要丟棄Git 工作目錄中的修改並回到最近一次提交的狀態，1. 對於已跟踪文件的修改，使用git checkout -- 或git checkout -- . 丟棄所有修改；2. 對於未跟踪的新建文件，使用git clean -f 刪除文件，若包含目錄則用git clean -fd，執行前可用git clean -fdn 預覽刪除內容；3. 若需一次性重置所有更改（包括暫存區和工作目錄），使用git reset --hard，此命令會重置工作目錄和暫存區，務必謹慎操作。這些方法可單獨或組合使用，以達到清理工作目錄的目的。

If you've made changes in your working directory and want to discard them—meaning you want to go back to the state of the last commit—there are straightforward ways to do this with Git. It's a common situation, especially when experimenting or troubleshooting.

Discarding Changes in Tracked Files

If you've modified files that are already tracked by Git (files you've added and committed before), and you want to revert those changes to match the last commit, use:

 git checkout -- <file>

This will discard changes in the specified file. If you want to discard all changes in the working directory, run:

 git checkout -- .

Important: This only affects tracked files. Any new files you've created that aren't tracked yet won't be touched by this command.

Removing Untracked Files

If you've created new files that haven't been added to Git ye​​t and you want to remove them along with discarding changes in tracked files, you'll need to combine a couple of commands:

• To remove untracked files:

   git clean -f

• To remove directories as well:

   git clean -fd

Before running these, you might want to check what will be deleted by using the -n option (dry run):

 git clean -fdn

Reverting Everything at Once (Including Both Staged and Unstaged)

If you want to completely reset your working directory to the last commit—including staged changes—you can use:

 git reset --hard

This is a powerful command—it resets both the working directory and the staging area to match the last commit. Use it with care, especially if you're not fully sure whether you want to lose all recent changes.

One thing to note: --hard is what makes Git reset the working directory files. Without it, the reset would leave your files untouched.

If you're just trying to undo local changes and start fresh from the last commit, combining git reset --hard and git clean -fd usually gets you there. It's a solid combo for cleaning up your working tree.

基本上就這些。

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