AJAX 代表非同步 JavaScript 和 XML。這是一種用於 Web 開發的技術，用於建立動態和互動式網頁，而無需重新載入整個頁面。使用 AJAX，您可以從伺服器請求資料並非同步更新網頁的部分內容，這表示使用者可以在後台處理請求時繼續與頁面互動。
API（應用程式介面）是一組允許不同軟體應用程式相互通訊的規則和定義。在 Web 開發環境中，API 通常用於與 Web 伺服器互動、檢索資料和傳送資料。 API 可以是公共的（任何人都可以使用）或私有的（僅限特定使用者或應用程式）。
當您同時使用 AJAX 和 API 時，您的 Web 應用程式可以動態取得、傳送和更新資料。這種組合使您可以建立豐富、響應靈敏且互動式的 Web 應用程序，從而提供流暢的用戶體驗，而無需不斷重新加載頁面。
AJAX 不是單一技術，而是多種技術協同工作的組合：
為了示範 AJAX 的基礎知識，讓我們建立一個簡單的 HTML 頁面並使用 JavaScript 向伺服器發送 AJAX 請求。
<html lang="en"> <head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AJAX Example</title> </head> <body>
<h1>AJAX Request Example</h1>
<button id="loadData">Load Data</button>
<div id="dataContainer"></div>
<script src="app.js"></script> </body> </html>
2.建立 JavaScript 檔案 (app.js):
document.getElementById('loadData').addEventListener('click', function() {
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('GET', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts', true);
xhr.onload = function() {
if (xhr.status === 200) {
document.getElementById('dataContainer').innerHTML = xhr.responseText;
} else {
console.error('Failed to load data');
}
};
xhr.send();
});
3.測試AJAX請求:
An API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate with each other. APIs define the methods and data formats that applications can use to interact with each other, making it easier to build software by providing reusable components and services.
APIs typically use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) or XML (eXtensible Markup Language) to format data. JSON is more lightweight and easier to read, making it the preferred choice for most modern APIs.
{
"id": 1,
"title": "Example Post",
"body": "This is an example of a post.",
"userId": 1
}
<post> <id>1</id> <title>Example Post</title> <body>This is an example of a post.</body> <userId>1</userId> </post>
To make your first AJAX request, you need a basic HTML and JavaScript environment. Follow these steps:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>First AJAX Request</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Fetch Data with AJAX</h1>
<button id="fetchDataBtn">Fetch Data</button>
<div id="dataDisplay"></div>
<script src="ajax.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Create a JavaScript File (ajax.js):
document.getElementById('fetchDataBtn').addEventListener('click', function() {
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('GET', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1', true);
xhr.onload = function() {
if (xhr.status === 200) {
const data = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
document.getElementById('dataDisplay').innerHTML = `
<h2>${data.title}</h2>
<p>${data.body}</p>
`;
} else {
console.error('Error fetching data');
}
};
xhr.onerror = function() {
console.error('Request failed');
};
xhr.send();
});
3.Test the AJAX Request:
The XMLHttpRequest object is used to interact with servers. It allows you to make HTTP requests to retrieve or send data without reloading the page.
When the server responds to an AJAX request, the response is available in the xhr.responseText property. You can use JavaScript to process this data and update the webpage dynamically.
To debug AJAX requests, use browser developer tools:
The Fetch API is a modern alternative to XMLHttpRequest for making HTTP requests. It provides a more powerful and flexible feature set and returns Promises, making it easier to handle asynchronous operations.
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1')<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => {<br><br>
document.getElementById('dataDisplay').innerHTML = <br>
<h2>${data.title}</h2> <br>
<p>${data.body}</p> <br>
;<br><br>
})<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error fetching data:', error));<br>
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts', {<br><br>
method: 'POST',<br><br>
headers: {<br><br>
'Content-Type': 'application/json'<br><br>
},<br><br>
body: JSON.stringify({<br><br>
title: 'New Post',<br><br>
body: 'This is a new post.',<br><br>
userId: 1<br><br>
})<br><br>
})<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => console.log('Post created:', data))<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error creating post:', error));<br>
The Fetch API provides a json() method to parse the response body as JSON. This method returns a Promise that resolves with the parsed JSON data.
Use .catch() to handle errors in Fetch requests. This method catches any errors that occur during the fetch operation or while processing the response.
REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. RESTful APIs follow specific conventions for managing resources over the web.
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts')<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(posts => {<br><br>
posts.forEach(post => {<br><br>
console.log(post.title);<br><br>
});<br><br>
})<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error fetching posts:', error));<br>
CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, Delete — four fundamental operations for managing data.
CRUD Operations with AJAX
CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, Delete—four fundamental operations for managing data.
Create: Use POST to add new data.
Read: Use GET to retrieve data.
Update: Use PUT or PATCH to modify existing data.
Delete: Use DELETE to remove data.
Example of CRUD Operations with Fetch:
CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security feature that restricts web pages from making requests to a different domain than the one that served the web page. To work with APIs across different domains, the server must enable CORS.
Promises simplify the management of asynchronous operations in JavaScript. They provide a more readable way to handle AJAX requests compared to callbacks.
fetch('/api/posts')<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => console.log(data))<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error:', error));<br>
Async/Await is syntactic sugar built on top of Promises, making asynchronous code easier to read and write.
async function fetchPosts() {<br><br>
try {<br><br>
const response = await fetch('/api/posts');<br><br>
const data = await response.json();<br><br>
console.log(data);<br><br>
} catch (error) {<br><br>
console.error('Error:', error);<br><br>
}<br><br>
}
<p>fetchPosts();<br>
</p>To handle multiple AJAX requests in sequence, use Promises or Async/Await to chain requests.
fetch('/api/user')<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(user => fetch(/api/posts?userId=${user.id}))<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(posts => console.log(posts))<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error:', error));<br>
To build a real-world application, you need a backend API and a frontend interface. For this example, we’ll use a simple API to fetch weather data.
const apiKey = 'YOUR_API_KEY';<br><br>
const city = 'London';<br><br>
fetch(https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&appid=${apiKey})<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => {<br><br>
document.getElementById('weatherDisplay').innerHTML = <br>
<h2>Weather in ${data.name}</h2> <br>
<p>Temperature: ${(data.main.temp - 273.15).toFixed(2)}°C</p> <br>
<p>Condition: ${data.weather[0].description}</p> <br>
;<br><br>
})<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error fetching weather data:', error));<br>
Use JavaScript to create dynamic elements that update based on user input or server responses.
document.getElementById('searchButton').addEventListener('click', function() {<br><br>
const city = document.getElementById('cityInput').value;<br><br>
fetchWeatherData(city);<br><br>
});
<p>function fetchWeatherData(city) {<br><br>
fetch(https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&appid=${apiKey})<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => {<br><br>
document.getElementById('weatherDisplay').innerHTML = <br>
<h2>Weather in ${data.name}</h2> <br>
<p>Temperature: ${(data.main.temp - 273.15).toFixed(2)}°C</p> <br>
<p>Condition: ${data.weather[0].description}</p> <br>
;<br><br>
})<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error fetching weather data:', error));<br><br>
}<br>
</p>Use HTML and CSS to format the data received from APIs. JavaScript allows you to manipulate the DOM and display the data dynamically.
Debouncing and Throttling are techniques used to limit the rate at which a function is executed. This is especially useful when working with APIs to avoid unnecessary requests.
function debounce(func, delay) {<br><br>
let timeout;<br><br>
return function(...args) {<br><br>
clearTimeout(timeout);<br><br>
timeout = setTimeout(() => func.apply(this, args), delay);<br><br>
};<br><br>
}
<p>const fetchWeatherDebounced = debounce(fetchWeatherData, 300);<br><br>
document.getElementById('cityInput').addEventListener('input', function() {<br><br>
fetchWeatherDebounced(this.value);<br><br>
});<br>
</p>Use JavaScript to manage the state of your AJAX requests and provide feedback to users, such as loading indicators or error messages.
function fetchWeatherData(city) {<br><br>
const loader = document.getElementById('loader');<br><br>
loader.style.display = 'block'; // Show loader
<div class="highlight js-code-highlight">
<pre class="highlight plaintext">fetch(`https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&appid=${apiKey}`)
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => {
loader.style.display = 'none'; // Hide loader
// Display weather data...
})
.catch(error => {
loader.style.display = 'none'; // Hide loader
console.error('Error fetching weather data:', error);
});
}
To improve performance, cache API responses using JavaScript or a service worker. This reduces the number of requests sent to the server and speeds up the application.
const cache = new Map();
<p>function fetchWeatherData(city) {<br><br>
if (cache.has(city)) {<br><br>
displayWeatherData(cache.get(city)); // Use cached data<br><br>
} else {<br><br>
fetch(https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&appid=${apiKey})<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => {<br><br>
cache.set(city, data); // Cache the response<br><br>
displayWeatherData(data);<br><br>
})<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error fetching weather data:', error));<br><br>
}<br><br>
}<br>
</p>Use browser developer tools to inspect network requests, view responses, and debug JavaScript code:
Provide users with clear error messages and fallback options when AJAX requests fail.
fetch('https://api.example.com/data')<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => {<br><br>
// Display data...<br><br>
})<br><br>
.catch(error => {<br><br>
console.error('Error fetching data:', error);<br><br>
document.getElementById('errorMessage').innerText = 'Failed to load data. Please try again later.';<br><br>
});<br>
In this tutorial, you’ve learned how to use AJAX and APIs to build dynamic web applications. You explored the basics of AJAX, the Fetch API, interacting with RESTful APIs, and advanced techniques like error handling, optimization, and security.
As you continue learning, explore more advanced topics like:
By Peymaan Abedinpour | پیمان عابدین پور
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