Java can’t do this, but it can use internal classes to achieve this requirement in disguise

public abstract class Rhythm {

    /**
     * @return duration between {@linkplain Note} in milliseconds
     */
    public abstract long getDuration();
    
    public abstract class InnderClass {
        public abstract long getDuration();
    }

    private InnderClass innderClass;

    public Rhythm() {
        innderClass = new InnderClass() {
            @Override
            public long getDuration() {
                return Rhythm.this.getDuration();
            }
        };
    }

    public void setInnderClass(InnderClass innderClass) {
        this.innderClass = innderClass;
    }

    public void perform() {
        long duration = innderClass.getDuration();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(duration);
        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            throw new RuntimeException(ie);
        }
    }
}

@Override public void play(Rhythm rhythm, Note note, NoteCallback noteCallback){
        //rhythm.getDuration();//想在这里重写getDuration方法，如何做到？
        rhythm.setInnderClass(rhythm.new InnderClass() {
            
            @Override
            public long getDuration() {
                // TODO 把实现放到这里
                return 0;
            }
        });
        rhythm.perform();
        note.getNoteValue();
        noteCallback.notePlayed(note);
    }

Can’t do it? If it can be done in Java, wouldn’t it be a dynamic language?