I would like to add one thing to chazomaticus' excellent answer一个>:

Also don't forget the META tag (like this, or its HTML4 or XHTML version):

This may seem trivial, but IE7 has given me problems before.

I'm doing everything correct; the database, database connection, and Content-Type HTTP headers are all set to UTF-8, which works fine in all other browsers, but Internet Explorer still insists on using the "Western European" encoding .

It turns out that the page is missing the META tag. Adding it solves the problem.

edit:

The W3C actually has a rather large section dedicated to I18N. They have a number of articles related to this issue - describing aspects of HTTP, (X)HTML and CSS:

• FAQ: Changing (X)HTML page encoding to UTF-8
• Declare character encoding in HTML
• Tutorial: Character Sets and Encodings in XHTML, HTML, and CSS
• Set HTTP character set parameters

They recommend using both HTTP headers and HTML meta tags (or XML declarations in the case of XHTML acting as XML).

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• In your application code (e.g. PHP), in whatever DB access method you use, you'll need to set the connection charset to utf8mb4. This way, MySQL does no conversion from its native UTF-8 when it hands data off to your application and vice versa.

• Some drivers provide their own mechanism for configuring the connection character set, which both updates its own internal state and informs MySQL of the encoding to use on the connection - this is usually the preferred approach. In PHP:

  • If you're using the PDO abstraction layer with PHP ≥ 5.3.6, you can specify charset in the DSN:

    $dbh = new PDO('mysql:charset=utf8mb4');

  • If you're using mysqli, you can call set_charset():

    $mysqli->set_charset('utf8mb4');       // object oriented style
      mysqli_set_charset($link, 'utf8mb4');  // procedural style

  • If you're stuck with plain mysql but happen to be running PHP ≥ 5.2.3, you can call mysql_set_charset.

• If the driver does not provide its own mechanism for setting the connection character set, you may have to issue a query to tell MySQL how your application expects data on the connection to be encoded: SET NAMES 'utf8mb4'.

• The same consideration regarding utf8mb4/utf8 applies as above.

Output:

• UTF-8 should be set in the HTTP header, such as Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8. You can achieve that either by setting default_charset in php.ini (preferred), or manually using header() function.
• If your application transfers text to other systems, they also need to know the character encoding. For web applications, the browser must be told the encoding in which to send the data (via HTTP response headers or HTML metadata).
• When encoding the output using json_encode(), add JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE as a second parameter.

enter:

• The browser will submit data for the character set specified by the document, so no special manipulation of the input is required.
• In case you have doubts about request encoding (in case it could be tampered with), you may verify every received string as being valid UTF-8 before you try to store it or use it anywhere. PHP's mb_check_encoding() does the trick, but you have to use it religiously. There's really no way around this, as malicious clients can submit data in whatever encoding they want, and I haven't found a trick to get PHP to do this for you reliably.

Other code notes:

• Obviously, all files you will serve (PHP, HTML, JavaScript, etc.) should be encoded using valid UTF-8.

• You need to make sure that every time you process a UTF-8 string, you do so safely. This is, unfortunately, the hard part. You'll probably want to make extensive use of PHP's mbstring extension.

• PHP's built-in string operations are not by default UTF-8 safe. There are some things you can safely do with normal PHP string operations (like concatenation) , but for most things you should use the equivalent mbstring function.

• To know what you're doing (read: not screw it up), you really need to understand UTF-8 and how it works at the lowest level possible. Check out any of the links in utf8.com for some great resources on everything you need to know. p>

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