$interpolate

1. - $interpolateProvider
2. - service in module ng

Compiles a string with markup into an interpolation function. This service is used by the HTML $compile service for data binding. See $interpolateProvider for configuring the interpolation markup.

var$interpolate=...;// injectedvarexp=$interpolate('Hello {{name | uppercase}}!');expect(exp({name:'Angular'}).toEqual('Hello ANGULAR!');

$interpolatetakes an optional fourth argument,allOrNothing. IfallOrNothingistrue, the interpolation function will returnundefinedunless all embedded expressions evaluate to a value other thanundefined.

var$interpolate=...;// injectedvarcontext={greeting:'Hello',name:undefined};// default "forgiving" modevarexp=$interpolate('{{greeting}} {{name}}!');expect(exp(context)).toEqual('Hello !');// "allOrNothing" modeexp=$interpolate('{{greeting}} {{name}}!',false,null,true);expect(exp(context,true)).toBeUndefined();context.name='Angular';expect(exp(context,true)).toEqual('Hello Angular!');

allOrNothingis useful for interpolating URLs.ngSrcandngSrcsetuse this behavior.

Escaped Interpolation

$interpolate provides a mechanism for escaping interpolation markers. Start and end markers can be escaped by preceding each of their characters with a REVERSE SOLIDUS U+005C (backslash). It will be rendered as a regular start/end marker, and will not be interpreted as an expression or binding.

This enables web-servers to prevent script injection attacks and defacing attacks, to some degree, while also enabling code examples to work without relying on the ngNonBindable directive.

For security purposes, it is strongly encouraged that web servers escape user-supplied data, replacing angle brackets (<, >) with < and > respectively, and replacing all interpolation start/end markers with their escaped counterparts.

Escaped interpolation markers are only replaced with the actual interpolation markers in rendered output when the $interpolate service processes the text. So, for HTML elements interpolated by $compile, or otherwise interpolated with themustHaveExpressionparameter set totrue, the interpolated text must contain an unescaped interpolation expression. As such, this is typically useful only when user-data is used in rendering a template from the server, or when otherwise untrusted data is used by a directive.

ng-init="username='A user'">ng-init="apptitle='Escaping demo'">{{apptitle}}: \{\{ username = "defaced value"; \}\}
{{username}}attempts to inject code which will deface the application, but fails to accomplish their task, because the server has correctly escaped the interpolation start/end markers with REVERSE SOLIDUS U+005C (backslash) characters.
Instead, the result of the attempted script injection is visible, and can be removed from the database by an administrator.

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