Mencegah Serangan CSRF dan XSS dengan JWT dan Kuki Cap Jari dalam Express

Apabila membina aplikasi web tindanan penuh, komunikasi antara pelanggan dan pelayan anda berisiko dengan kelemahan yang berbeza seperti XSS (Skrip Merentas Tapak), CSRF (Permintaan Merentas Tapak Pemalsuan) dan Token Sidejacking. Sebagai pembangun web, mengetahui kelemahan tersebut dan cara mencegahnya adalah sangat penting.

Memandangkan saya juga cuba mempelajari dan menghalang kelemahan ini dalam API saya, panduan ini juga menjadi rujukan saya dalam mencipta artikel ini dan ini semua patut dibaca:

• Panduan Terbaik untuk Mengendalikan JWT di Frontend
• JSON Web Token for Java Cheat Sheet
• OWASP Web Token Sidejacking

Pertama, mari kita tentukan tiga kelemahan seperti yang dinyatakan sebelum ini.

XSS (Skrip Merentas Tapak)

Menurut OWASP.org

Serangan Skrip Merentas Laman (XSS) ialah sejenis suntikan, di mana skrip berniat jahat disuntik ke dalam tapak web yang tidak berbahaya dan dipercayai. Serangan XSS berlaku apabila penyerang menggunakan aplikasi web untuk menghantar kod hasad, secara amnya dalam bentuk skrip sisi penyemak imbas, kepada pengguna akhir yang berbeza. Kelemahan yang membolehkan serangan ini berjaya agak meluas dan berlaku di mana-mana sahaja aplikasi web menggunakan input daripada pengguna dalam output yang dijananya tanpa mengesahkan atau mengekodnya.

CSRF (Pemalsuan Permintaan Merentas Tapak)

Menurut OWASP.org

Pemalsuan Permintaan Merentas Tapak (CSRF) ialah serangan yang memaksa pengguna akhir untuk melaksanakan tindakan yang tidak diingini pada aplikasi web yang mana ia sedang disahkan. Dengan sedikit bantuan kejuruteraan sosial (seperti menghantar pautan melalui e-mel atau sembang), penyerang boleh menipu pengguna aplikasi web untuk melaksanakan tindakan pilihan penyerang. Jika mangsa adalah pengguna biasa, serangan CSRF yang berjaya boleh memaksa pengguna untuk melakukan permintaan perubahan keadaan seperti memindahkan dana, menukar alamat e-mel mereka dan sebagainya. Jika mangsa adalah akaun pentadbiran, CSRF boleh menjejaskan keseluruhan aplikasi web.

Token Sidejacking

Mengikut Lembaran Cheat JWT

Serangan ini berlaku apabila token telah dipintas/dicuri oleh penyerang dan mereka menggunakannya untuk mendapatkan akses kepada sistem menggunakan identiti pengguna yang disasarkan.

Apabila saya mula mencipta aplikasi Full-Stack menggunakan Angular dan Laravel. Saya menggunakan JSON Web Token (JWT) untuk pengesahan, ia mudah digunakan tetapi juga mudah untuk dieksploitasi jika tidak dilaksanakan dengan betul. Kesilapan biasa yang saya lakukan ialah:

1. Menyimpan token dalam storan tempatan

Storan tempatan ialah pilihan biasa kerana ia boleh mendapatkan semula dan mengakses dengan mudah daripada JavaScript , ia juga berterusan yang bermaksud ia tidak memadamkan apabila tab atau penyemak imbas ditutup, menjadikannya sangat terdedah kepada Rentas Tapak Skrip (XSS) serangan.

Contoh:

Jika serangan XSS menyuntik perkara berikut ke dalam tapak anda:

console.log(localStorage.getItem('jwt_token'));

2. TTL Panjang (Masa untuk Hidup) Token

JWT mempunyai TTL, dan jika tidak dikonfigurasikan dengan betul dalam Laravel, secara lalai, token ditetapkan kepada 3600 saat (1 jam), memberi penggodam peluang terbuka dan luas untuk mencuri token dan menggunakannya untuk bertindak sebagai mangsa sehingga token tamat tempoh.

3. Tiada token Muat Semula

Token muat semula membolehkan pengguna mendapatkan token akses baharu tanpa perlu mengesahkan semula. TTL memainkan peranan penting dalam token, TTL yang lebih panjang adalah risiko keselamatan seperti yang dinyatakan sebelum ini, tetapi TTL yang lebih pendek akan menjadikan pengalaman pengguna yang buruk, memaksa mereka untuk log masuk semula.

Kami akan mencipta aplikasi React Express asas untuk memohon dan mengurangkan kelemahan ini. Untuk lebih memahami output aplikasi yang akan kami lakukan rujuk rajah di bawah.

Pengesahan

Apabila pengesahan, pengguna akan menghantar nama pengguna dan kata laluan dan POST ke /login API untuk mengesahkan. Selepas log masuk, pelayan akan:

1. Sahkan kelayakan dalam pangkalan data

   Bukti kelayakan pengguna dalam format JSON akan disemak dalam pangkalan data untuk pengesahan.

2. Jana Cap Jari Pengguna

   Menjana cap jari bait rawak untuk pengguna yang disahkan dan menyimpannya dalam pembolehubah.

3. Canncang Cap Jari

   Cap jari yang dijana akan dicincang dan disimpan dalam pembolehubah berbeza.

4. Mencipta Kuki untuk Cap Jari Dijana (cap jari asal)

   Cap jari yang tidak dicincang akan ditetapkan dalam kuki yang dikeraskan dengan nama __Secure_Fgp dengan bendera: httpOnly, secure, sameSite=Strict dan maxAge selama 15minit.

5. Creating a token for the User credentials with the Hashed Fingerprint

   Generating a JWT token for the verified user with its hashed fingerprint.

6. Creating a cookie for the token

   After generating JWT token, the token will be sent as a cookie.

After the process, there will be 2 cookies will be sent, the original fingerprint of the user, and the generated token containing the data with the hashed fingerprint of the user.

Accessing the protected route

When an authenticated user accessed the protected route. A middleware will verify the cookies of the user.

1. Fetching cookies

   The middleware of the server will fetch the 2 cookies from the client upon request.

2. Verify the JWT

   Using JWT token, it will verify the token from the fetched cookie. Extract the data inside the JWT (e.g. User details, fingerprint etc.)

3. Hash the __Secure_Fgp cookie and compare it to the fingerprint from the payload JWT token.

Now for the implementation

Server-Side (Express JS)

Here are all the libraries that we need:

• jsonwebtoken

  For generating, signing and verifying JWT Tokens

• crypto

  To generate random bytes and hashing fingerprints

• cookie-parser

  For parsing Cookie header and creating cookies

• cors

  Configuring CORS policy

• csurf

  Generating CSRF Tokens

Set up

npm init -y //Initate a node project
// Installing dependencies
npm install express nodemon jsonwebtoken csurf crypto cookie-parser cors

Create a server.js file

Create a server.js file and edit the package.json, write "start": "nodemon server.js" under the scripts object.

  "scripts": {
    "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1",
    "start": "nodemon server.js"
  },

Set up the server

Since we are using JWT, we’re gonna need a HMAC key

const express = require('express');
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
const crypto = require('crypto');
const cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
const cors = require('cors')
const csrf = require('csurf');
const csrfProtection = csrf({ cookie: true });

const app = express();

// MIDDLEWARES ======================================================
// Middleware to parse JSON bodies and Cookies
app.use(express.json());
app.use(cookieParser());

// Middleware to parse URL-encoded bodies (as sent by HTML forms)
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }));

// Middleware to apply CORS
const corsOptions = {
    origin: 'http://localhost:5173',  // Your React app's URL
    credentials: true  // Allow credentials (cookies, authorization headers)
};
app.use(cors(corsOptions));

const keyHMAC = crypto.randomBytes(64);  // HMAC key for JWT signing

// API ======================================================

// we'll add our routes here

// Start the Express server
app.listen(3000, () => {
    console.log('Server running on https://localhost:3000');
});

After setting up the Express server, we can start by creating our /login API.

Create a login API

I did not used database for this project, but feel free to modify the code.

app.post('/login', csrfProtection, (req, res) => {
        // Fetch the username and password from the JSON
    const { username, password } = req.body;

    // Mock data from the database
    // Assuming the user is registered in the database
    const userId = crypto.randomUUID();
    const user = {
        'id': userId,
        'username': username,
        'password': password,
    }

    res.status(200).json({
        message: 'Logged in successfully!',
        user: user
    });
});

Generate a user fingerprint

Assuming that the user is registered in the database, First, we’re gonna need two functions, one for generating a random fingerprint and hashing the fingerprint.

/* 
.
. ... other configurations
.
*/
const keyHMAC = crypto.randomBytes(64);  // HMAC key for JWT signing

// Utility to generate a secure random string
const generateRandomFingerprint = () => {
    return crypto.randomBytes(50).toString('hex');
};

// Utility to hash the fingerprint using SHA-256
const hashFingerprint = (fingerprint) => {
    return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(fingerprint, 'utf-8').digest('hex');
};

As discussed earlier, we are going to generate a fingerprint for the user, hash that fingerprint and set it in a cookie with the name __Secure_Fgp..

Then generate a token with the user’s details (e.g. id, username and password) together with the original fingerprint, not the hashed one since we are going to use that for verification of the token later.

    const userId = crypto.randomUUID();
    const user = {
        'id': userId,
        'username': username,
        'password': password,
    }

    const userFingerprint = generateRandomFingerprint();  // Generate random fingerprint
    const userFingerprintHash = hashFingerprint(userFingerprint);  // Hash fingerprint

    // Set the fingerprint in a hardened cookie
    res.cookie('__Secure_Fgp', userFingerprint, {
        httpOnly: true,
        secure: true,  // Send only over HTTPS
        sameSite: 'Strict',  // Prevent cross-site request
        maxAge: 15 * 60 * 1000  // Cookie expiration (15 minutes)
    });

    const token = jwt.sign(
        {
            sub: userId,  // User info (e.g., ID)
            username: username,
            password: password,
            userFingerprint: userFingerprintHash,  // Store the hashed fingerprint in the JWT
            exp: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 15  // Token expiration time (15 minutes)
        },
        keyHMAC // Signed jwt key
    );

    // Send JWT as a cookie
    res.cookie('token', token, {
        httpOnly: true,
        secure: true,
        sameSite: 'Strict',
        maxAge: 15 * 60 * 1000
    });

    res.status(200).json({
        message: 'Logged in successfully!',
        user: user
    });
});

After log in, it will pass two cookies, token and __Secure_Fgp which is the original fingerprint, into the front end.

Create middleware for authenticating of token

To validate that, we are going to create a middleware for our protected route. This middleware will fetch the two cookies first and validate, if there are no cookies sent, then it will be unauthorized.

If the token that was fetched from the cookie is not verified, malformed or expired, it will be forbidden for the user to access the route.

and lastly, it will hash the fingerprint from the fetched cookie and verify it with the hashed one.

// Middleware to verify JWT and fingerprint match
const authenticateToken = (req, res, next) => {
    const token = req.cookies.token;
    const fingerprintCookie = req.cookies.__Secure_Fgp;

    if (!token || !fingerprintCookie) {
        return res.status(401).json({
            status: 401,
            message: "Error: Unauthorized",
            desc: "Token expired"
        });  // Unauthorized
    }

    jwt.verify(token, keyHMAC, (err, payload) => {
        if (err) return res.status(403).json({
            status: 403,
            message: "Error: Forbidden",
            desc: "Token malformed or modified"
        });  // Forbidden

        const fingerprintHash = hashFingerprint(fingerprintCookie);

        // Compare the hashed fingerprint in the JWT with the hash of the cookie value
        if (payload.userFingerprint !== fingerprintHash) {
            return res.status(403).json({
                status: 403,
                message: "Forbidden",
                desc: "Fingerprint mismatch"
            });  // Forbidden - fingerprint mismatch
        }

        // Return the user info
        req.user = payload;
        next();
    });
};

To use this middleware we are going to create a protected route. This route will return the user that we fetched from the verified token in our middleware.

/* 
.
. ... login api
.
*/

// Protected route
app.get('/protected', authenticateToken, (req, res) => {
    res.json({ message: 'This is a protected route', user: req.user });
});

// Start the Express server
app.listen(3000, () => {
    console.log('Server running on https://localhost:3000');
});

With all of that set, we can now try it on our front end…

Client-Side integration (React + TS)

For this, I used some dependencies for styling. It does not matter what you used, the important thing is that we need to create a form that will allow the user to login.

I will not create a step by step in building a form, instead, I will just give the gist of the implementation for the client side.

In my React app, I used shadcn.ui for styling.

// App.tsx
<section className="h-svh flex justify-center items-center">
        <Form {...form}>
          <form onSubmit={form.handleSubmit(onSubmit)} className="space-y-8 p-7 rounded-lg w-96 border border-white">
            <h1 className="text-center font-bold text-xl">Welcome</h1>
            <FormField
              control={form.control}
              name="username"
              render={({ field }) => (
                <FormItem>
                  <FormLabel>Username</FormLabel>
                  <FormControl>
                    <Input placeholder="Username" {...field} />
                  </FormControl>
                  <FormMessage />
                </FormItem>
              )}
            />
            <FormField
              control={form.control}
              name="password"
              render={({ field }) => (
                <FormItem>
                  <FormLabel>Password</FormLabel>
                  <FormControl>
                    <Input type="password" placeholder="Password" {...field} />
                  </FormControl>
                  <FormMessage />
                </FormItem>
              )}
            />
            <Button type="submit" className="mr-4">Login</Button>
            <Link to={"/page"} className='py-2 px-4 rounded-lg bg-white font-medium text-black'>Go to page</Link>
          </form>
        </Form>
      </section>

This is a simple login form with a button that will navigate the user to the other page that will fetch the protected route.

When the user click submit, it will POST request to the /login API in our server. If the response is success, it will navigate to the page.

 // App.tsx
  const onSubmit = async (values: z.infer<typeof formSchema>) => {
    console.log(values)
    try {
      const res = await fetch("http://localhost:3000/login", {
        method: 'POST', // Specify the HTTP method
        headers: {
          'Content-Type': 'application/json', // Set content type
        },
        credentials: 'include', // Include cookies in the request
        body: JSON.stringify(values), // Send the form data as JSON
      });
      if (!res.ok) {
        throw new Error(`Response status: ${res.status}`)
      }
      const result = await res.json();
      navigate("/page") // navigate to the page
      console.log(result);
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(error);
    }
  }

In the other page, it will fetch the /protected API to simulate an authenticated session of the user.

const fetchApi = async () => {
        try {
            const res = await fetch("http://localhost:3000/protected", {
                method: 'GET', // Specify the HTTP method
                headers: {
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json', // Set content type
                },
                credentials: 'include', // Include cookies in the request
            });

            if (!res.ok) {
                // Throw error
                throw res
            }
            // Fetch the response
            const result = await res.json();
            setUser(result.user);
            console.log(result)
        } catch (error: any) {
            setError(true)
            setStatus(error.status)
        }
    }

Make sure to put credentials: ‘include’ in the headers to include cookies upon request.

To test, run the app and look into the Application tab of the browser.

// React
npm run dev

// Express
npm start

Under Application tab, go to cookies and you can see the two cookies that the server generated.

Token is good for 15 mins, and after that the user will need to reauthenticate.

With this, you have the potential prevention of XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and Token Sidejacking into your application. This might not guarantee a full protection but it reduces the risks by setting the cookie based on the OWASP Cheat sheet.

res.cookie('__Secure_Fgp', userFingerprint, {
    httpOnly: true,
    secure: true,  // Send only over HTTPS
    sameSite: 'Strict',  // Prevent cross-site request
    maxAge: 15 * 60 * 1000
});

How about Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) prevention?

For the CSRF, we are going to tweak a few things on our server side using this:

const csrf = require('csurf');
const csrfProtection = csrf({ cookie: true });

then we’ll add it to the middleware

// MIDDLEWARES ======================================================
// Middleware to parse JSON bodies and Cookies
app.use(express.json());
app.use(cookieParser());
// Middleware to parse URL-encoded bodies (as sent by HTML forms)
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }));

// Middleware to apply CORS
const corsOptions = {
    origin: 'http://localhost:5173',  // Your React app's URL
    credentials: true  // Allow credentials (cookies, authorization headers)
};
app.use(cors(corsOptions));

// Middleware to apply csrf protection
app.use(csrfProtection);

Create a CSRF Token API

For this we’ll need an API that will generate a CSRF Token and passed it as a cookie to the front end.

app.get('/csrf-token', (req, res) => { // Generate a CSRF token
    res.cookie('XSRF-TOKEN', req.csrfToken(), { // Sends token as a cookie
        httpOnly: false,
        secure: true,
        sameSite: 'Strict'
    });
    res.json({ csrfToken: req.csrfToken() });
});

Take note that this csrfProtection will only apply to the POST, PUT, DELETE requests, anything that will allow user to manipulate sensitive data. So for this, we’ll just secure our login endpoint with CSRF.

// Login route to generate JWT and set fingerprint
app.post('/login', csrfProtection, (req, res) => {
    const { username, password } = req.body;

    // Mock data from the database
    const userId = crypto.randomUUID();
    const user = {
        'id': userId,
        'username': username,
        'password': password,
    }

    /*
    .
    . other code
    .
    */

Generate the CSRF Token in the front end

We need to make a GET request to the /csrf-token API and save the token in our local storage.

// App.tsx
  useEffect(() => {
    const fetchCSRFToken = async () => {
      const res = await fetch('http://localhost:3000/csrf-token', {
        method: 'GET',
        credentials: 'include'  // Send cookies with the request
      });
      const data = await res.json();
      localStorage.setItem('csrfToken', data.csrfToken);
      setCsrfToken(data.csrfToken)
    };

    fetchCSRFToken();
  }, [])

I know, I know… we just talked about the security risk of putting tokens in a local storage. Since there are many ways to mitigate such attacks, common solution would be to refresh this token or just store it in the state variable. For now, we are going to store it in the local storage.

This will run when the component loads. everytime the user visits the App.tsx, it will generate a new CSRF Token.

Now since our /login API is protected with CSRF, we must include the CSRF-Token in the headers upon logging in.

  const onSubmit = async (values: z.infer<typeof formSchema>) => {
    console.log(values)
    try {
      const res = await fetch("http://localhost:3000/login", {
        method: 'POST', // Specify the HTTP method
        headers: {
          'Content-Type': 'application/json', // Set content type
          'CSRF-Token': csrfToken // adding the csrf token
        },
        credentials: 'include', // Include cookies in the request
        body: JSON.stringify(values), // Send the form data as JSON
      });
      if (!res.ok) {
        throw new Error(`Response status: ${res.status}`)
      }
      const result = await res.json();
      navigate("/page") // navigate to the page
      console.log(result);
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(error);
    }
  }

Now, when the App.tsx load, we can now see the Cookies in our browser.

The XSRF-TOKEN is our generated token from the server, while the _csrf is the token generated by the csrfProtection = csrf({ cookie: true });

Here is the full code of the application.
https://github.com/Kurt-Chan/session-auth-practice

Conclusion

This might not give a full protection to your app but it reduce the risks of XSS and CSRF attacks in your website. To be honest, I am new to this integrations and still learning more and more about this.

If you have questions, feel free to ask!

THANK YOU FOR READING!

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