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Because select allows developers to wait for multiple file buffers at the same time, it can reduce IO waiting time and improve the IO efficiency of the process. The select() function is an IO multiplexing function that allows the program to monitor multiple file descriptors and wait for one or more of the monitored file descriptors to become "ready"; the so-called "ready" state is Refers to: the file descriptor is no longer blocked and can be used for certain types of IO operations, including readable, writable, and exceptions.
#The operating environment of this tutorial: linux7.3 system, Dell G3 computer.
select is a computer function located in the header file #include
The select function is an IO multiplexing function. Its main function is to wait for the event in the file descriptor to be ready. , select can allow us to wait for multiple file buffers at the same time, reduce IO waiting time, and improve the IO efficiency of the process.
The select() function allows the program to monitor multiple file descriptors and wait for one or more of the monitored file descriptors to become "ready". The so-called "ready" state means that the file descriptor is no longer in a blocking state and can be used for certain types of IO operations, including readable, writable, and exception occurrence
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);The maximum value of the file descriptor waiting for is 1, for example: the application process wants to wait for the file For events of descriptors 3, 5, and 8, the
nfds=max(3,5,8)+1;
readfds and writefds, exceptfds types are all fd_set, so what is the fd_set type?
Similar to readfds, writefds is a collection waiting for write events (Is there space in the buffer)If you don't care When writing an event, you can pass the value NULL.
If an exception occurs while the kernel is waiting for the corresponding file descriptor, then will The failed file descriptor is set into exceptfds . If you don't care about error events, you can pass the value NULL.
Set the time select blocks in the kernel. If you want to set it to non-blocking, set it to NULL. If you want select to block for 5 seconds, you will create a struct timeval time={5,0};
The structure type of struct timeval is:
struct timeval {
long tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};Application processandKernelBoth need to obtain information from readfds and writefds. Among them, the kernel needs to know which file descriptors need to wait from readfds and writefds, and the application process needs to know which file descriptor events are ready from readfds and writefds.
如果我们要不断轮询等待文件描述符，则应用进程需要不断的重新设置readfds和writefds，因为每一次调用select，内核会修改readfds和writefds，所以我们需要在 应用程序 中 设置一个数组 来保存程序需要等待的文件描述符，保证调用 select 的时候readfds 和 writefds中的将如下：
如果是一个select服务器进程，则服务器进程会不断的接收有新链接，每个链接对应一个文件描述符，如果想要我们的服务器能够同时等待多个链接的数据的到来，我们监听套接字listen_sock读取新链接的时候，我们需要将新链接的文件描述符保存到read_arrys数组中，下次轮询检测的就会将新链接的文件描述符设置进readfds中，如果有链接关闭，则将相对应的文件描述符从read_arrys数组中拿走。
一张图看懂select服务器：
简易版的select服务器：
server.hpp文件:
#pragma once
#include<iostream>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<string.h>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
#define BACKLOG 5
namespace sjp{
class server{
public:
static int Socket(){
int sock=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(sock>0)
return sock;
if(sock<0)
exit(-1);
}
static bool Bind(int sockfd,short int port){
struct sockaddr_in lock;
memset(&lock,'\0',sizeof(lock));
lock.sin_family=AF_INET;
lock.sin_port=htons(port);
lock.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;
if(bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&lock,(socklen_t)sizeof(lock))<0){
exit(-2);
}
return true;
}
static bool Listen(int sockfd){
if(listen(sockfd,BACKLOG)<0){
exit(-3);
}
return true;
}
};
}select_server.hpp文件
#pragma once
#include<vector>
#include"server.hpp"
#include<unistd.h>
#include<time.h>
namespace Select{
class select_server{
private:
int listen_sock;//监听套接字
int port;
public:
select_server(int _port):port(_port){}
//初始化select_server服务器
void InitServer(){
listen_sock=sjp::server::Socket();
sjp::server::Bind(listen_sock,port);
sjp::server::Listen(listen_sock);
}
void Run(){
std::vector<int> readfds_arry(1024,-1);//readfds_arry保存读事件的文件描述符
readfds_arry[0]=listen_sock;//将监听套接字保存进readfds_arry数组中
fd_set readfds;
while(1){
FD_ZERO(&readfds);
int nfds=0;
//将read_arry数组中的文件描述符设置进程readfds_arry位图中
for(int i=0;i<1024;i++)
{
if(readfds_arry[i]!=-1){
FD_SET(readfds_arry[i],&readfds);
if(nfds<readfds_arry[i]){
nfds=readfds_arry[i];
}
}
}
//调用select对readfds中的文件描述符进行等待数据
switch(select(nfds+1,&readfds,NULL,NULL,NULL)){
case 0:
//没有一个文件描述符的读事件就绪
cout<<"select timeout"<<endl;
break;
case -1:
//select失败
cout<<"select error"<<endl;
default:
{
//有读事件发生
Soluation(readfds_arry,readfds);
break;
}
}
}
}
void Soluation(std::vector<int>& readfds_arry,fd_set readfds){
for(int i=0;i<readfds_arry.size();i++){
if(FD_ISSET(readfds_arry[i],&readfds))
{
if(readfds_arry[i]==listen_sock){
//有新链接到来
struct sockaddr peer;
socklen_t len;
int newfd=accept(listen_sock,&peer,&len);
cout<<newfd<<endl;
//将新链接设置进readfds_arry数组中
AddfdsArry(readfds_arry,newfd);
}
else{
//其他事件就绪
char str[1024];
int sz=recv(readfds_arry[i],&str,sizeof(str),MSG_DONTWAIT);
switch(sz){
case -1:
//读取失败
cout<<readfds_arry[i]<<": recv error"<<endl;
break;
case 0:
//对端关闭
readfds_arry[i]=-1;
cout<<"peer close"<<endl;
break;
default:
str[sz]='\0';
cout<<str<<endl;
break;
}
}
}
}
}
void AddfdsArry(std::vector<int>& fds_arry,int fd){
for(int i=0;i<fds_arry.size();i++){
if(fds_arry[i]==-1){
fds_arry[i]=fd;
break;
}
}
}
};
}select_server.cc文件
#include"select_server.hpp"
int main(int argv,char* argc[]){
if(argv!=2){
cout<<"./selectserver port"<<endl;
exit(-4);
}
int port=atoi(argc[1]);//端口号
Select::select_server* sl=new Select::select_server(port);
sl->InitServer();
sl->Run();
}测试：
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