##More related free learning recommendations:IntroductionMySQL provides an EXPLAIN command, which can analyze themysql Tutorial (Video)
SELECT statement and output SELECT for execution Detailed information for developers to optimize.EXPLAIN command usage is very simple, just add Explain before the SELECT statement, for example:
EXPLAIN SELECT * from user_info WHERE id < 300;PrepareIn order to receive To facilitate the demonstration of the use of EXPLAIN, first we need to create two tables for testing and add corresponding data:
CREATE TABLE `user_info` ( `id` BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `age` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `name_index` (`name`) ) ENGINE = InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8 INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('xys', 20); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('a', 21); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('b', 23); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('c', 50); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('d', 15); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('e', 20); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('f', 21); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('g', 23); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('h', 50); INSERT INTO user_info (name, age) VALUES ('i', 15);
CREATE TABLE `order_info` ( `id` BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `user_id` BIGINT(20) DEFAULT NULL, `product_name` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `productor` VARCHAR(30) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `user_product_detail_index` (`user_id`, `product_name`, `productor`) ) ENGINE = InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8 INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (1, 'p1', 'WHH'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (1, 'p2', 'WL'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (1, 'p1', 'DX'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (2, 'p1', 'WHH'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (2, 'p5', 'WL'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (3, 'p3', 'MA'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (4, 'p1', 'WHH'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (6, 'p1', 'WHH'); INSERT INTO order_info (user_id, product_name, productor) VALUES (9, 'p8', 'TE');EXPLAIN output formatThe output content of the EXPLAIN command is roughly as follows:
mysql> explain select * from user_info where id = 2\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: user_info partitions: NULL type: const possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 8 ref: const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)The meaning of each column is as follows:
select_type represents the type of query, and its common values are:
SIMPLE. For example, when our query has no subquery and no UNION query, it is usually the SIMPLE type, for example:
mysql> explain select * from user_info where id = 2\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: user_info partitions: NULL type: const possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 8 ref: const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)If we use a UNION query, the results output by EXPLAIN are similar to the following:
mysql> EXPLAIN (SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3)) -> UNION -> (SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE id IN (3, 4, 5)); +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | user_info | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where | | 2 | UNION | user_info | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ 3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)table indicates the table or derived table involved in the querytype## The #type
field is more important. It provides an important basis for judging whether the query is efficient. Through the type field, we judge that this query is a full table scan Or index scan etc. type Common types
const.mysql> explain select * from user_info where id = 2\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: user_info partitions: NULL type: const possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 8 ref: const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM user_info, order_info WHERE user_info.id = order_info.user_id\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: order_info partitions: NULL type: index possible_keys: user_product_detail_index key: user_product_detail_index key_len: 314 ref: NULL rows: 9 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using where; Using index *************************** 2. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: user_info partitions: NULL type: eq_ref possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 8 ref: test.order_info.user_id rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
For example, in the following example, the refmysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM user_info, order_info WHERE user_info.id = order_info.user_id AND order_info.user_id = 5\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: user_info partitions: NULL type: const possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 8 ref: const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL *************************** 2. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: order_info partitions: NULL type: ref possible_keys: user_product_detail_index key: user_product_detail_index key_len: 9 ref: const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using index 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
range, then the ref field output by EXPLAIN is NULL, and key_len The field is the longest of the indexes used in this query. For example, the following example is a range query: mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * -> FROM user_info -> WHERE id BETWEEN 2 AND 8 \G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: user_info partitions: NULL type: range possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 8 ref: NULL rows: 7 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using where 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT name FROM user_info \G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: user_info partitions: NULL type: index possible_keys: NULL key: name_index key_len: 152 ref: NULL rows: 10 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using index 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
In the above example, the name field we query happens to be an index, so we can meet the query needs by getting the data directly from the index, without querying the data in the table. Therefore, in this case, type The value is
index, and the value of Extra is Using index.<ul><li>ALL: 表示全表扫描, 这个类型的查询是性能最差的查询之一. 通常来说, 我们的查询不应该出现 ALL 类型的查询, 因为这样的查询在数据量大的情况下, 对数据库的性能是巨大的灾难. 如一个查询是 ALL 类型查询, 那么一般来说可以对相应的字段添加索引来避免.<br>下面是一个全表扫描的例子, 可以看到, 在全表扫描时, possible_keys 和 key 字段都是 NULL, 表示没有使用到索引, 并且 rows 十分巨大, 因此整个查询效率是十分低下的.</li></ul>
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT age FROM user_info WHERE age = 20 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: user_info
partitions: NULL
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 10
filtered: 10.00
Extra: Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)</pre>
<h4>type 类型的性能比较</h4>
<p>通常来说, 不同的 type 类型的性能关系如下:<br><code>ALL < index < range ~ index_merge < ref < eq_ref < const < systemALL 类型因为是全表扫描, 因此在相同的查询条件下, 它是速度最慢的.
而 index 类型的查询虽然不是全表扫描, 但是它扫描了所有的索引, 因此比 ALL 类型的稍快.
后面的几种类型都是利用了索引来查询数据, 因此可以过滤部分或大部分数据, 因此查询效率就比较高了.
possible_keys 表示 MySQL 在查询时, 能够使用到的索引. 注意, 即使有些索引在 possible_keys 中出现, 但是并不表示此索引会真正地被 MySQL 使用到. MySQL 在查询时具体使用了哪些索引, 由 key 字段决定.
此字段是 MySQL 在当前查询时所真正使用到的索引.
表示查询优化器使用了索引的字节数. 这个字段可以评估组合索引是否完全被使用, 或只有最左部分字段被使用到.
key_len 的计算规则如下:
我们来举两个简单的栗子:
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM order_info WHERE user_id < 3 AND product_name = 'p1' AND productor = 'WHH' \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: order_info
partitions: NULL
type: range
possible_keys: user_product_detail_index
key: user_product_detail_index
key_len: 9
ref: NULL
rows: 5
filtered: 11.11
Extra: Using where; Using index
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)上面的例子是从表 order_info 中查询指定的内容, 而我们从此表的建表语句中可以知道, 表 order_info 有一个联合索引:
KEY `user_product_detail_index` (`user_id`, `product_name`, `productor`)
不过此查询语句 WHERE user_id < 3 AND product_name = 'p1' AND productor = 'WHH' 中, 因为先进行 user_id 的范围查询, 而根据 最左前缀匹配 原则, 当遇到范围查询时, 就停止索引的匹配, 因此实际上我们使用到的索引的字段只有 user_id, 因此在 EXPLAIN 中, 显示的 key_len 为 9. 因为 user_id 字段是 BIGINT, 占用 8 字节, 而 NULL 属性占用一个字节, 因此总共是 9 个字节. 若我们将user_id 字段改为 BIGINT(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', 则 key_length 应该是8.
上面因为 最左前缀匹配 原则, 我们的查询仅仅使用到了联合索引的 user_id 字段, 因此效率不算高.
接下来我们来看一下下一个例子:
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM order_info WHERE user_id = 1 AND product_name = 'p1' \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: order_info partitions: NULL type: ref possible_keys: user_product_detail_index key: user_product_detail_index key_len: 161 ref: const,const rows: 2 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using index 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)<p>这次的查询中, 我们没有使用到范围查询, key_len 的值为 161. 为什么呢? 因为我们的查询条件 <code>WHERE user_id = 1 AND product_name = 'p1'</code> 中, 仅仅使用到了联合索引中的前两个字段, 因此 <code>keyLen(user_id) + keyLen(product_name) = 9 + 50 * 3 + 2 = 161</code></p> <h3>rows</h3> <p>rows 也是一个重要的字段. MySQL 查询优化器根据统计信息, 估算 SQL 要查找到结果集需要扫描读取的数据行数.<br>这个值非常直观显示 SQL 的效率好坏, 原则上 rows 越少越好.</p> <h3>Extra</h3> <p>EXplain 中的很多额外的信息会在 Extra 字段显示, 常见的有以下几种内容:</p> <ul><li>Using filesort<br>当 Extra 中有 <code>Using filesort</code> 时, 表示 MySQL 需额外的排序操作, 不能通过索引顺序达到排序效果. 一般有 <code>Using filesort</code>, 都建议优化去掉, 因为这样的查询 CPU 资源消耗大.<br>例如下面的例子:</li></ul> <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM order_info ORDER BY product_name \G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: order_info partitions: NULL type: index possible_keys: NULL key: user_product_detail_index key_len: 253 ref: NULL rows: 9 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using index; Using filesort 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
我们的索引是
KEY `user_product_detail_index` (`user_id`, `product_name`, `productor`)
但是上面的查询中根据 product_name 来排序, 因此不能使用索引进行优化, 进而会产生 Using filesort.
如果我们将排序依据改为 ORDER BY user_id, product_name, 那么就不会出现 Using filesort 了. 例如:
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM order_info ORDER BY user_id, product_name \G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: order_info partitions: NULL type: index possible_keys: NULL key: user_product_detail_index key_len: 253 ref: NULL rows: 9 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using index 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
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