Computer performance indicators include: 1. Computer speed; 2. Word length; 3. Storage cycle; 4. Storage capacity. A computer is a modern electronic computing machine used for high-speed calculations. It can perform numerical calculations and logical calculations, and also has a storage and memory function.
The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.
The main performance indicators of a computer include computer speed, word length, storage cycle, and storage capacity.
Computer, commonly known as computer, is a modern electronic computing machine used for high-speed calculations. It can perform numerical calculations, logical calculations, and also has storage and memory functions. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can run according to the program and process massive data automatically and at high speed.
It is composed of a hardware system and a software system. A computer without any software installed is called a bare metal computer. It can be divided into five categories: supercomputer, industrial control computer, network computer, personal computer, and embedded computer. The more advanced computers include biological computers, photon computers, quantum computers, etc.
Computer inventor John von Neumann. The computer is one of the most advanced scientific and technological inventions in the 20th century. It has had an extremely important impact on human production activities and social activities, and is developing rapidly with strong vitality. Its application fields have expanded from its initial application in military scientific research to various fields of society. It has formed a huge computer industry, driven technological progress on a global scale, and triggered profound social changes. Computers have been used in general schools and enterprises. Public institutions have entered the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable tool in the information society.
Development History
Before 1946
The evolution of computing tools has gone through different stages from simple to complex, from low-level to advanced, such as from The knotted ropes in "Knotting Notes" include abacus chips, abacus slide rules, mechanical computers, etc. They played their respective historical roles in different historical periods, and also inspired the development ideas of modern electronic computers.
In 1889, American scientist Herman Hollery developed an electric tabulating machine based on electricity to store calculation data.
In 1930, American scientist Vannevar Bush built the world's first analog electronic computer.
On February 14, 1946, the world's first electronic computer "Electronic Numerical And Calculator" (ENIAC Electronic Numerical And Calculator) customized by the U.S. military was launched at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Chinese name: ENIAC) was developed by the Auberdine Weapons Testing Site in the United States to meet the needs of calculating ballistics. This calculator uses 17,840 electron tubes, is 80 feet × 8 feet in size, and weighs 28t ( tons), the power consumption is 170kW, its computing speed is 5,000 addition operations per second, and the cost is approximately US$487,000. The advent of ENIAC has epoch-making significance, indicating the arrival of the electronic computer era. In the next 60 years or so, computer technology has developed at an alarming rate. The performance-price ratio of any technology can increase by 6 orders of magnitude in 30 years.
First generation computer
First generation: tube digital machine (1946-1958)
In terms of hardware, the logic components used vacuum tubes and the main memory used mercury Delay line, cathode ray oscilloscope tube electrostatic memory, magnetic drum, magnetic core; external memory uses magnetic tape. The software uses machine language and assembly language. The application fields are mainly military and scientific computing.
The disadvantages are large size, high power consumption and poor reliability. The speed is slow (generally thousands to tens of thousands of times per second) and expensive, but it lays the foundation for future computer development.
Second Generation Computer
Second Generation: Transistor Digital Machine (1958-1964)
Software operating systems, high-level languages and their compiler application fields and Mainly scientific computing and transaction processing, and began to enter the field of industrial control. It is characterized by reduced size, reduced energy consumption, improved reliability, increased computing speed (generally 100,000 operations per second, and can be as high as 3 million operations), and performance that is greatly improved compared to the first generation computers.
The third generation of computers
The third generation: integrated circuit digital machine (1964-1970)
In terms of hardware, the logic components use medium and small scale integrated circuits (MSI) , SSI), the main memory still uses magnetic cores. In terms of software, time-sharing operating systems and structured and large-scale programming methods have emerged. It is characterized by faster speed (generally millions to tens of millions of times per second), reliability has been significantly improved, prices have further dropped, and products have become generalized, serialized and standardized. Application fields began to enter the fields of word processing and graphics and image processing.
Fourth Generation Computer
The 4th Generation: Large Scale Integrated Circuit Computer (1970 to present)
In terms of hardware, logic components use large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits ( LSI and VLSI). In terms of software, database management systems, network management systems and object-oriented languages have emerged. In 1971, the world's first microprocessor was born in Silicon Valley, USA, ushering in a new era of microcomputers. The application fields are gradually moving from scientific computing, transaction management, and process control to the home.
Due to the development of integration technology, semiconductor chips have become more integrated. Each chip can accommodate tens of thousands or even millions of transistors, and can integrate arithmetic units and controllers on one chip, thus leading to the emergence of micro-controllers. Processor, and can be assembled into a microcomputer using a microprocessor and large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits, which is what we often call a microcomputer or PC. Microcomputers are small, cheap, and easy to use, but their functions and computing speed have reached or even exceeded those of large computers in the past. On the other hand, various logic chips manufactured by large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits have been used to create supercomputers that are not very large in size but can operate at a speed of 100 million or even billions of operations. After our country successfully developed the Galaxy I supercomputer that can perform 100 million operations per second in 1983, it also successfully developed the Galaxy II general-purpose parallel supercomputer that can perform one billion operations per second in 1993. This period also produced a new generation of programming languages, database management systems, and network software.
With the changes in physical components and devices, not only the computer host has undergone upgrading, but its external devices are also constantly changing. For example, external memory has developed from the initial cathode ray display tube to magnetic cores and magnetic drums, and later to general-purpose magnetic disks. Nowadays, smaller, larger, and faster compact discs (CD-ROMs) have appeared. ).
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