PostgreSQL과 MySQL을 간단히 살펴보겠습니다. 둘 다 다양한 애플리케이션에서 널리 사용되는 중요한 오픈 소스 관계형 데이터베이스 관리 시스템입니다.
PostgreSQL은 엄격한 학문적 연구와 엄격한 SQL 표준을 통해 데이터베이스 관리 시스템을 발전시키는 것을 목표로 한 1986년 버클리의 POSTGRES 프로젝트에서 시작되었습니다. 이러한 배경은 PostgreSQL에게 데이터 일관성에 초점을 맞춘 탄탄한 이론적 기반을 제공하여 복잡한 쿼리 및 고급 데이터 유형에 이상적입니다. 디자인은 장기적인 안정성, 확장성, 커뮤니티 중심 혁신을 강조합니다.
반면 MySQL은 1995년 Michael Widenius와 David Axmark에 의해 빠르게 발전하는 인터넷 애플리케이션의 요구 사항을 충족하기 위해 실용성과 사용 편의성을 우선시하여 만들어졌습니다. 데이터베이스 관리를 단순화하고 성능을 향상시켜 인터넷 붐이 일어나는 동안 웹 개발자가 선호하는 선택이 되었습니다. MySQL은 지속적으로 성능과 배포 용이성에 중점을 두고 있습니다.
MySQL의 주목할만한 기능은 여러 데이터베이스 엔진을 지원하므로 사용자가 필요에 가장 적합한 저장 방법을 선택할 수 있다는 것입니다. 버전 5.5부터 InnoDB는 높은 동시성과 데이터 일관성을 위해 트랜잭션과 행 수준 잠금을 지원하는 기본 엔진이었습니다. MyISAM은 더 나은 읽기 성능을 제공하지만 트랜잭션 지원이 부족하여 읽기가 많은 시나리오에 적합합니다. MySQL은 특정 사용 사례에 맞게 메모리 및 아카이브와 같은 엔진도 제공합니다.
반면 PostgreSQL은 통합 코어 엔진을 사용하여 모든 기능에 대한 일관성과 상호 운용성을 보장합니다. 이 디자인은 복잡한 쿼리, 트랜잭션 관리 및 고급 데이터 유형을 지원하는 동시에 유지 관리를 단순화합니다. 어떤 경우에는 MySQL보다 유연성이 떨어지지만 PostgreSQL의 내부 유연성과 확장성은 파티셔닝 및 쿼리 최적화와 같은 기능을 통해 향상됩니다.
비교 분석을 통해 배열 유형 지원, JSON 처리, 트랜잭션 관리, 임시 테이블, 창 기능, 재귀 쿼리, 데이터 유형 풍부함, 기본값 제약 조건, 대소문자 구분 등의 영역에서 차이점과 유사점이 드러납니다.
| SQL Syntax/Feature | PostgreSQL | MySQL | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Array Types | Supported | Not directly supported | PostgreSQL allows direct definition of array type fields. MySQL simulates arrays using strings or other indirect methods. |
| JSON Support | Powerful | More basic | PostgreSQL has advanced JSON support with indexing and optimized queries. MySQL’s JSON support has improved in recent versions but remains simpler. |
| Transaction Handling | Fully ACID | Default auto-commit | PostgreSQL pulls off full ACID compliance by default, ideal for high-consistency scenarios. MySQL defaults to auto-commit for each statement but can be configured for transaction handling. |
| Temporary Tables | Session/Global Scope | Session Only | PostgreSQL allows both session-level and global temporary tables, while MySQL supports only session-level ones. |
| Window Functions | Supported | Supported since later versions | PostgreSQL has long supported window functions; MySQL added full support in more recent versions. |
| CTE (Common Table Expressions) | Supported | Supported | Both support CTE, but advanced usages or performance may vary. |
| Recursive Queries | Supported | Supported since version 8.0 | PostgreSQL has supported recursive queries for a while, while MySQL started in version 8.0. |
| Data Types | More varied (like ARRAY, HSTORE, GIS types) | Basic types are comprehensive | PostgreSQL supports more specialized data types, while MySQL has a good set of basic types but not as diverse as PostgreSQL. |
| Default Value Constraints | Supports any expression | Has many limitations | PostgreSQL allows defaults to be any expression, whereas MySQL’s defaults are usually constants. |
| Case Sensitivity | Configurable | Defaults to case-insensitive | PostgreSQL can configure case sensitivity at the database or column level, while MySQL defaults to case-insensitive unless using binary collation. |
注意：随着时间的推移，两个系统都会不断更新，特定功能的支持和性能可能会发生变化。选择数据库时最好查阅最新的官方文档或发行说明。
| Feature/Database | PostgreSQL | MySQL |
|---|---|---|
| Advanced Data Types | Supports arrays, JSONB, hstore, etc., for complex data structures. | Supports JSON (enhanced in newer versions), but doesn't natively support arrays or hstore, needing indirect methods. |
| Window Functions | Early support for window functions, suitable for a variety of complex data analytics scenarios. | Added window functions in newer versions, progressively improving functionality but might lag in maturity and community resources. |
| Transaction Isolation Levels | Supports READ UNCOMMITTED, READ COMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, SERIALIZABLE, fully compliant with SQL standards. | Also supports these four isolation levels, but defaults to REPEATABLE READ and implements them via different storage engines (like InnoDB). |
| MVCC Implementation | Strong MVCC mechanism maintains multiple versions for each row, allowing for lock-free reads to enhance concurrency. | InnoDB uses MVCC via Undo Logs to maintain transaction views, optimizing read and write concurrency with its own locking strategies. |
| Locking Mechanism | Supports row-level locking combined with multi-version concurrency control, reducing lock contention and improving concurrency efficiency. | InnoDB supports row-level locking; MyISAM and other engines use table locks. Row-level locking improves concurrency but can be influenced by locking strategies and transaction designs. |
| Feature/Database | PostgreSQL | MySQL |
|---|---|---|
| Benchmarking and Workload | - Excels in complex queries and joins, thanks to rich indexing types and an optimizer. - Good balance for write-heavy and mixed workloads. |
- Performs excellently in read-heavy scenarios, especially simple SELECT queries. - InnoDB engine optimizes read speed and handles concurrency well. |
| Scalability Strategy | - Supports partitioning for large tables to optimize query performance. - Parallel querying enhances large data processing capabilities. - Connection pooling management boosts concurrent processing. |
- Achieves scalability via third-party tools (like PgPool-II, Patroni) for high availability and extensibility. - Sharding is common for horizontally scaling, ideal for large data distribution. - Offers replication (master-slave), group replication for redundancy and separating reads and writes. |
| Horizontal Scalability | - Native support is limited but can implement complex distributed deployments with third-party tools. - Citus extension enables real distributed SQL processing. |
- Has more mature sharding solutions and clustering technologies, making horizontal scalability more flexible, especially for large internet applications. |
| Feature/Database | PostgreSQL | MySQL |
|---|---|---|
| Benchmarking and Workload | - With a powerful query optimizer and various indexing types, excels in complex query handling and analysis. - Balanced reading and writing, suitable for applications needing high-performance writing and complex analysis. - Excels in read-heavy contexts, particularly in simple SELECT queries, suited for web browsing and content distribution scenarios. - Optimizes read performance through read-write separation and caching strategies. |
- Specializes in read-heavy operations for simple SELECT queries, perfect for content management systems and e-commerce platforms, ensuring optimized reading performance. - MySQL supports InnoDB optimizations for read speed and concurrency handling. |
| Scalability Solutions | - Partitions support range, list, hash, and more, boosting large table query efficiency. - Automatically leverages multi-core CPUs for parallel querying, enhancing data retrieval speed. - 内置和第三方连接池管理优化资源使用和响应时间。 - Using extensions like Citus for distributed processing. - Sharding, either manual or automated, disperses storage and processes large datasets to improve read and write performance. - Replication mechanisms (master-slave, group) enhance data availability and reading scalability. |
- InnoDB Cluster provides integrated high availability and scalability solutions that simplify cluster management. |
| Feature/Database | PostgreSQL | MySQL |
|---|---|---|
| User Permission Management | - Fine-grained permission control with role and privilege inheritance, making it easier to manage complex permission structures. - Supports row-level security (RLS) for custom access control rules. - Provides a detailed user and permissions management system, with controls down to the database and table level. |
- Doesn't natively support row-level security but can implement it through application logic. |
| Encryption Features | - Supports SSL/TLS encrypted connections to secure data transmission. - Has field-level encryption plugins to enhance security when data is at rest. - Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) options can be implemented through third-party extensions. |
- Built-in SSL/TLS support protects network communications. - InnoDB storage engine supports table space encryption to secure data files. - MySQL Enterprise Edition offers more advanced encryption options. |
| Compliance Certification | - Complies with multiple security standards, including FIPS 140-2 and Common Criteria. - Supports data protection regulations like GDPR, but specific compliance measures need to be tailored to the environment. |
- Holds several international security certifications like PCI DSS and ISO 27001. - Supports SSL/TLS and TDE, aiding in compliance with regulations like HIPAA and GDPR. - MySQL Enterprise Edition provides enhanced auditing and security functions to strengthen compliance. |
| Database | Suitable Scenarios |
|---|---|
| PostgreSQL | - Data analytics and business intelligence: Strong capabilities for complex queries, window functions, and geospatial data processing. - High compliance industries like finance and healthcare: Robust security and compliance features. - Complex application development: Supports advanced data types and multi-version concurrency, ideal for transaction-heavy applications. |
| MySQL | - Web applications and startups: Lightweight, easy to deploy, rich community resources, quick development cycles. - Read-heavy services: Such as content management systems and e-commerce platforms with optimized read performance. - Cloud-native environments: Deep integration with various cloud providers, suited for quickly scalable internet services. |
| Decision Factor | Considerations | PostgreSQL Tendency | MySQL Tendency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data Scale and Complexity | Volume of data, query complexity | Large datasets, complex queries, multi-dimensional analysis | Small to medium datasets, simple queries |
| Transaction Processing Needs | Complexity and consistency of transactions | High-concurrency transactions, strict ACID requirements | Simple transaction handling, read/write separation scenarios |
| Budget and Costs | Software licensing, operational costs | Open-source and free, but may require more professional support | Open-source and low cloud service costs |
| Team Familiarity and Skills | Technical stack match, learning curve | Requires strong SQL skills, suited for experienced teams | Friendlier for beginners, lower learning curve |
選擇資料庫時，沒有一刀切的選擇。相反，專注於最適合您需求的內容。在權衡這些因素時，請考慮執行小規模概念驗證 (POC)，以測試特定工作負載下的資料庫效能，然後再做出最終決定。此外，這兩個資料庫系統都在不斷改進並引入新功能，因此了解最新發展對於做出明智的選擇至關重要。
위 내용은 PostgreSQL과 MySQL의 포괄적인 비교의 상세 내용입니다. 자세한 내용은 PHP 중국어 웹사이트의 기타 관련 기사를 참조하세요!
![[웹 프런트엔드] Node.js 빠른 시작](https://img.php.cn/upload/course/000/000/067/662b5d34ba7c0227.png)
