$http

1. - $httpProvider
2. - service in module ng

The$httpservice is a core Angular service that facilitates communication with the remote HTTP servers via the browser's XMLHttpRequest object or via JSONP.

For unit testing applications that use$httpservice, see $httpBackend mock.

For a higher level of abstraction, please check out the $resource service.

The $http API is based on the deferred/promise APIs exposed by the $q service. While for simple usage patterns this doesn't matter much, for advanced usage it is important to familiarize yourself with these APIs and the guarantees they provide.

General usage

The$httpservice is a function which takes a single argument — a configuration object — that is used to generate an HTTP request and returns a promise with two $http specific methods:successanderror.

$http({method:'GET',url:'/someUrl'}).success(Function(data,status,headers,config){// this callback will be called asynchronously// when the response is available}).error(Function(data,status,headers,config){// called asynchronously if an error occurs// or server returns response with an error status.});

Since the returned value of calling the $http function is apromise, you can also use thethenmethod to register callbacks, and these callbacks will receive a single argument – an object representing the response. See the API signature and type info below for more details.

A response status code between 200 and 299 is considered a success status and will result in the success callback being called. Note that if the response is a redirect, XMLHttpRequest will transparently follow it, meaning that the error callback will not be called for such responses.

Writing Unit Tests that use $http

When unit testing (using ngMock), it is necessary to call $httpBackend.flush() to flush each pending request using trained responses.

$httpBackend.expectGET(...);$http.get(...);$httpBackend.flush();

Shortcut methods

Shortcut methods are also available. All shortcut methods require passing in the URL, and request data must be passed in for POST/PUT requests.

$http.get('/someUrl').success(successCallback);$http.post('/someUrl',data).success(successCallback);

Complete list of shortcut methods:

• $http.get
• $http.head
• $http.post
• $http.put
• $http.delete
• $http.jsonp

Setting HTTP Headers

The $http service will automatically add certain HTTP headers to all requests. These defaults can be fully configured by accessing the$httpProvider.defaults.headersconfiguration object, which currently contains this default configuration:

• $httpProvider.defaults.headers.common(headers that are common for all requests):
  • Accept:application/json,text/plain,*/*
• $httpProvider.defaults.headers.post: (header defaults for POST requests)
  • Content-Type:application/json
• $httpProvider.defaults.headers.put(header defaults for PUT requests)
  • Content-Type:application/json

To add or overwrite these defaults, simply add or remove a property from these configuration objects. To add headers for an HTTP method other than POST or PUT, simply add a new object with the lowercased HTTP method name as the key,例如 `$httpProvider.defaults.headers.get = { 'My-Header' : 'value' }.

The defaults can also be set at runtime via the$http.defaultsobject in the same fashion. 例如:

module.run(Function($http){$http.defaults.headers.common.Authorization='Basic YmVlcDpib29w'});

此外， you can supply aheadersproperty in the config object passed when calling$http(config), which overrides the defaults without changing them globally.

Transforming Requests and Responses

Both requests and responses can be transformed using transform functions. 默认情况下， Angular applies these transformations:

Request transformations:

• If thedataproperty of the request configuration object contains an object, serialize it into JSON format.

Response transformations:

• If XSRF prefix is detected, strip it (see Security Considerations section below).
• If JSON response is detected, deserialize it using a JSON parser.

To globally augment or override the default transforms, modify the$httpProvider.defaults.transformRequestand$httpProvider.defaults.transformResponseproperties. These properties are by default an array of transform functions, which allows you topushorunshifta new transformation function into the transformation chain. You can also decide to completely override any default transformations by assigning your transformation functions to these properties directly without the array wrapper. These defaults are again available on the $http factory at run-time, which may be useful if you have run-time services you wish to be involved in your transformations.

Similarly, to locally override the request/response transforms, augment thetransformRequestand/ortransformResponseproperties of the configuration object passed into$http.

Caching

To enable caching, set the request configurationcacheproperty totrue(to use default cache) or to a custom cache object (built with$cacheFactory). When the cache is enabled,$httpstores the response from the server in the specified cache. The next time the same request is made, the response is served from the cache without sending a request to the server.

Note that even if the response is served from cache, delivery of the data is asynchronous in the same way that real requests are.

If there are multiple GET requests for the same URL that should be cached using the same cache, but the cache is not populated yet, only one request to the server will be made and the remaining requests will be fulfilled using the response from the first request.

You can change the default cache to a new object (built with$cacheFactory) by updating the$http.defaults.cacheproperty. All requests who set theircacheproperty totruewill now use this cache object.

If you set the default cache tofalsethen only requests that specify their own custom cache object will be cached.

Interceptors

Before you start creating interceptors, be sure to understand the $q and deferred/promise APIs.

For purposes of global error handling, authentication, or any kind of synchronous or asynchronous pre-processing of request or postprocessing of responses, it is desirable to be able to intercept requests before they are handed to the server and responses before they are handed over to the application code that initiated these requests. The interceptors leverage the promise APIs to fulfill this need for both synchronous and asynchronous pre-processing.

The interceptors are service factories that are registered with the$httpProviderby adding them to the$httpProvider.interceptorsarray. The factory is called and injected with dependencies (if specified) and returns the interceptor.

There are two kinds of interceptors (and two kinds of rejection interceptors):

• request: interceptors get called with a httpconfigobject. The function is free to modify theconfigobject or create a new one. The function needs to return theconfigobject directly, or a promise containing theconfigor a newconfigobject.
• requestError: interceptor gets called when a previous interceptor threw an error or resolved with a rejection.
• response: interceptors get called with httpresponseobject. The function is free to modify theresponseobject or create a new one. The function needs to return theresponseobject directly, or as a promise containing theresponseor a newresponseobject.
• responseError: interceptor gets called when a previous interceptor threw an error or resolved with a rejection.

// register the interceptor as a service$provide.factory('myHttpInterceptor',Function($q,dependency1,dependency2){return{// optional method'request':Function(config){// do something on successreturnconfig;},// optional method'requestError':Function(rejection){// do something on errorif(canRecover(rejection)){returnresponseOrNewPromise}return$q.reject(rejection);},// optional method'response':Function(response){// do something on successreturnresponse;},// optional method'responseError':Function(rejection){// do something on errorif(canRecover(rejection)){returnresponseOrNewPromise}return$q.reject(rejection);}};});$httpProvider.interceptors.push('myHttpInterceptor');// alternatively, register the interceptor via an anonymous factory$httpProvider.interceptors.push(Function($q,dependency1,dependency2){return{'request':Function(config){// same as above},'response':Function(response){// same as above}};});

Security Considerations

When designing web applications, consider security threats from:

• JSON vulnerability
• XSRF

Both server and the client must cooperate in order to eliminate these threats. Angular comes pre-configured with strategies that address these issues, but for this to work backend server cooperation is required.

JSON Vulnerability Protection

A JSON vulnerability allows third party website to turn your JSON resource URL into JSONP request under some conditions. To counter this your server can prefix all JSON requests with following string")]}',\n". Angular will automatically strip the prefix before processing it as JSON.

For example if your server needs to return:

['one','two']

which is vulnerable to attack, your server can return:

)]}',['one','two']

Angular will strip the prefix, before processing the JSON.

Cross Site Request Forgery (XSRF) Protection

XSRF is a technique by which an unauthorized site can gain your user's private data. Angular provides a mechanism to counter XSRF. When performing XHR requests, the $http service reads a token from a cookie (默认情况下，XSRF-TOKEN) and sets it as an HTTP header (X-XSRF-TOKEN). Since only JavaScript that runs on your domain could read the cookie, your server can be assured that the XHR came from JavaScript running on your domain. The header will not be set for cross-domain requests.

To take advantage of this, your server needs to set a token in a JavaScript readable session cookie calledXSRF-TOKENon the first HTTP GET request. On subsequent XHR requests the server can verify that the cookie matchesX-XSRF-TOKENHTTP header, and therefore be sure that only JavaScript running on your domain could have sent the request. The token must be unique for each user and must be verifiable by the server (to prevent the JavaScript from making up its own tokens). We recommend that the token is a digest of your site's authentication cookie with a salt) for added security.

The name of the headers can be specified using the xsrfHeaderName and xsrfCookieName properties of either $httpProvider.defaults at config-time, $http.defaults at run-time, or the per-request config object.

依赖

• $httpBackend
• $cacheFactory
• $rootScope
• $q
• $injector

用法

$http(config);

返回值

方法

• get(url,[config]);

  Shortcut method to performGETrequest.

  参数

  参数	类型	详述
  url	string	Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
  config (可选)	Object	Optional configuration object

  返回值

  HttpPromise

  Future object

• delete(url,[config]);

  Shortcut method to performDELETErequest.

  参数

  参数	类型	详述
  url	string	Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
  config (可选)	Object	Optional configuration object

  返回值

  HttpPromise

  Future object

• head(url,[config]);

  Shortcut method to performHEADrequest.

  参数

  参数	类型	详述
  url	string	Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
  config (可选)	Object	Optional configuration object

  返回值

  HttpPromise

  Future object

• jsonp(url,[config]);

  Shortcut method to performJSONPrequest.

  参数

  参数	类型	详述
  url	string	Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request. Should containJSON_CALLBACKstring.
  config (可选)	Object	Optional configuration object

  返回值

  HttpPromise

  Future object

• post(url,data,[config]);

  Shortcut method to performPOSTrequest.

  参数

  参数	类型	详述
  url	string	Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
  data	*	Request content
  config (可选)	Object	Optional configuration object

  返回值

  HttpPromise

  Future object

• put(url,data,[config]);

  Shortcut method to performPUTrequest.

  参数

  参数	类型	详述
  url	string	Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
  data	*	Request content
  config (可选)	Object	Optional configuration object

  返回值

  HttpPromise

  Future object

• patch(url,data,[config]);

  Shortcut method to performPATCHrequest.

  参数

  参数	类型	详述
  url	string	Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
  data	*	Request content
  config (可选)	Object	Optional configuration object

  返回值

  HttpPromise

  Future object

属性

• pendingRequests

  Array.

  Array of config objects for currently pending requests. This is primarily meant to be used for debugging purposes.

• defaults

  Runtime equivalent of the$httpProvider.defaultsproperty. Allows configuration of default headers, withCredentials as well as request and response transformations. See "Setting HTTP Headers" and "Transforming Requests and Responses" sections above.

示例

ng-controller="FetchController">ng-model="method">GETJSONPType="text"ng-model="url"size="80"/>id="fetchbtn"ng-click="fetch()">fetch
id="samplegetbtn"ng-click="updateModel('GET', 'http-hello.html')">Sample GETid="samplejsonpbtn"ng-click="updateModel('JSONP', 'https://angularjs.org/greet.php?callback=JSON_CALLBACK&name=Super%20Hero')">Sample JSONPid="invalidjsonpbtn"ng-click="updateModel('JSONP', 'https://angularjs.org/doesntexist&callback=JSON_CALLBACK')">Invalid JSONP
http status code: {{status}}
http response data: {{data}}

angular.module('httpExample',[]).controller('FetchController',['$scope','$http','$templateCache',Function($scope,$http,$templateCache){$scope.method='GET';$scope.url='http-hello.html';$scope.fetch=Function(){$scope.code=null;$scope.response=null;$http({method:$scope.method,url:$scope.url,cache:$templateCache}).success(Function(data,status){$scope.status=status;$scope.data=data;}).error(Function(data,status){$scope.data=data||"Request failed";$scope.status=status;});};$scope.updateModel=Function(method,url){$scope.method=method;$scope.url=url;};}]);

Hello,$http!

varstatus=element(by.binding('status'));vardata=element(by.binding('data'));varfetchBtn=element(by.id('fetchbtn'));varsampleGetBtn=element(by.id('samplegetbtn'));varsampleJsonpBtn=element(by.id('samplejsonpbtn'));varinvalidJsonpBtn=element(by.id('invalidjsonpbtn'));it('should make an xhr GET request',Function(){sampleGetBtn.click();fetchBtn.click();expect(status.getText()).toMatch('200');expect(data.getText()).toMatch(/Hello, \$http!/);});it('should make a JSONP request to angularjs.org',Function(){sampleJsonpBtn.click();fetchBtn.click();expect(status.getText()).toMatch('200');expect(data.getText()).toMatch(/Super Hero!/);});it('should make JSONP request to invalid URL and invoke the error handler',Function(){invalidJsonpBtn.click();fetchBtn.click();expect(status.getText()).toMatch('0');expect(data.getText()).toMatch('Request failed');});