CSSはテーブルの特定の行を固定するように設定します

<style>
.table-responsive {
    overflow: auto !important;
}
.table-th-css {
    background: #EFEFF4 !important;
    position: relative !important;
    text-align: center;
    top: 0;
}
.section-scroll{
height:417px;
}
</style>

<div class="table-responsive section-scroll">
<table class="table table-bordered">
<thead class="table-header">
<tr>
                        <th class="table-th-css">
                            <div>部门</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="table-th-css">
                            <div>用户名称</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>1月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>2月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>3月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>4月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>5月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>6月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>7月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>8月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>9月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>10月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>11月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>12月</div>
                        </th>
                        <th class="text-center table-th-css">
                            <div>合计</div>
                        </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody >
<tr class="text-center" >
                        <td >
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td class="table-textWidth">
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                           西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                           西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                           西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                           西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                           西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
                        <td>
                            西门庆
                        </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

var tableCont = $('.section-scroll tr th'); //获取th
var tableCont_child = $('.section-scroll tr th div'); //获取th下边的div
var tableScroll = $('.section-scroll'); //获取滚动条同级的class
        function scrollHandle() {
            var scrollTop = tableScroll.scrollTop();
            // 当滚动距离大于0时设置top及相应的样式
            if (scrollTop > 0) {
                tableCont.css({
                    "top": scrollTop + 'px',
                    "marginTop": "-1px",
                    "padding": 0
                });
                tableCont_child.css({
                    "borderTop": "1px solid gainsboro",
                    "borderBottom": "1px solid gainsboro",
                    "marginTop": "-1px",
                    "padding": "8px"
                })
            } else {
            // 当滚动距离小于0时设置top及相应的样式
                tableCont.css({
                    "top": scrollTop + 'px',
                    "marginTop": "0",
                });
                tableCont_child.css({
                    "border": "none",
                    "marginTop": 0,
                    "marginBottom": 0,
                })
            }
        }
tableScroll.on('scroll', scrollHandle);