Le module de threading de Python fournit une variété de méthodes liées au verrouillage. Les multiples threads de Python ne peuvent pas être exécutés en même temps, l'utilisation des verrous est donc très critique. Prenons un exemple pour expliquer l'utilisation des verrous de thread dans la programmation Python :
Lock
Les structures de données intégrées de Python telles que les listes et les dictionnaires sont thread-safe, mais les types de données simples tels que les entiers et les nombres à virgule flottante ne le sont pas -safe. Ces données simples. Type d'opération de passe nécessite l'utilisation de verrous.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# coding=utf-8
import threading
shared_resource_with_lock = 0
shared_resource_with_no_lock = 0
COUNT = 100000
shared_resource_lock = threading.Lock()
####LOCK MANAGEMENT##
def increment_with_lock():
global shared_resource_with_lock
for i in range(COUNT):
shared_resource_lock.acquire()
shared_resource_with_lock += 1
shared_resource_lock.release()
def decrement_with_lock():
global shared_resource_with_lock
for i in range(COUNT):
shared_resource_lock.acquire()
shared_resource_with_lock -= 1
shared_resource_lock.release()
####NO LOCK MANAGEMENT ##
def increment_without_lock():
global shared_resource_with_no_lock
for i in range(COUNT):
shared_resource_with_no_lock += 1
def decrement_without_lock():
global shared_resource_with_no_lock
for i in range(COUNT):
shared_resource_with_no_lock -= 1
####the Main program
if __name__ == "__main__":
t1 = threading.Thread(target = increment_with_lock)
t2 = threading.Thread(target = decrement_with_lock)
t3 = threading.Thread(target = increment_without_lock)
t4 = threading.Thread(target = decrement_without_lock)
t1.start()
t2.start()
t3.start()
t4.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()
t3.join()
t4.join()
print ("the value of shared variable with lock management is %s"\
%shared_resource_with_lock)
print ("the value of shared variable with race condition is %s"\
%shared_resource_with_no_lock)Résultat de l'exécution :
$ ./threading_lock.py
the value of shared variable with lock management is 0 the value of shared variable with race condition is 0
Autre exemple :
import random
import threading
import time
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format='(%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s',
)
class Counter(object):
def __init__(self, start=0):
self.lock = threading.Lock()
self.value = start
def increment(self):
logging.debug(time.ctime(time.time()))
logging.debug('Waiting for lock')
self.lock.acquire()
try:
pause = random.randint(1,3)
logging.debug(time.ctime(time.time()))
logging.debug('Acquired lock')
self.value = self.value + 1
logging.debug('lock {0} seconds'.format(pause))
time.sleep(pause)
finally:
self.lock.release()
def worker(c):
for i in range(2):
pause = random.randint(1,3)
logging.debug(time.ctime(time.time()))
logging.debug('Sleeping %0.02f', pause)
time.sleep(pause)
c.increment()
logging.debug('Done')
counter = Counter()
for i in range(2):
t = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(counter,))
t.start()
logging.debug('Waiting for worker threads')
main_thread = threading.currentThread()
for t in threading.enumerate():
if t is not main_thread:
t.join()
logging.debug('Counter: %d', counter.value)Résultat de l'exécution :
$ python threading_lock.py
(Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:18 2015 (Thread-1 ) Sleeping 3.00 (Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:18 2015 (MainThread) Waiting for worker threads (Thread-2 ) Sleeping 2.00 (Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:20 2015 (Thread-2 ) Waiting for lock (Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:20 2015 (Thread-2 ) Acquired lock (Thread-2 ) lock 2 seconds (Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:21 2015 (Thread-1 ) Waiting for lock (Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:22 2015 (Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:22 2015 (Thread-2 ) Sleeping 2.00 (Thread-1 ) Acquired lock (Thread-1 ) lock 1 seconds (Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:23 2015 (Thread-1 ) Sleeping 2.00 (Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:24 2015 (Thread-2 ) Waiting for lock (Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:24 2015 (Thread-2 ) Acquired lock (Thread-2 ) lock 1 seconds (Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:25 2015 (Thread-1 ) Waiting for lock (Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:25 2015 (Thread-1 ) Acquired lock (Thread-1 ) lock 2 seconds (Thread-2 ) Done (Thread-1 ) Done (MainThread) Counter: 4
Acquire() transmet une valeur False pour vérifier si le verrou est acquis. Par exemple :
import logging
import threading
import time
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format='(%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s',
)
def lock_holder(lock):
logging.debug('Starting')
while True:
lock.acquire()
try:
logging.debug('Holding')
time.sleep(0.5)
finally:
logging.debug('Not holding')
lock.release()
time.sleep(0.5)
return
def worker(lock):
logging.debug('Starting')
num_tries = 0
num_acquires = 0
while num_acquires < 3:
time.sleep(0.5)
logging.debug('Trying to acquire')
have_it = lock.acquire(0)
try:
num_tries += 1
if have_it:
logging.debug('Iteration %d: Acquired',
num_tries)
num_acquires += 1
else:
logging.debug('Iteration %d: Not acquired',
num_tries)
finally:
if have_it:
lock.release()
logging.debug('Done after %d iterations', num_tries)
lock = threading.Lock()
holder = threading.Thread(target=lock_holder,
args=(lock,),
name='LockHolder')
holder.setDaemon(True)
holder.start()
worker = threading.Thread(target=worker,
args=(lock,),
name='Worker')
worker.start()Résultat de l'exécution :
$ python threading_lock_noblock.py
(LockHolder) Starting (LockHolder) Holding (Worker ) Starting (LockHolder) Not holding (Worker ) Trying to acquire (Worker ) Iteration 1: Acquired (LockHolder) Holding (Worker ) Trying to acquire (Worker ) Iteration 2: Not acquired (LockHolder) Not holding (Worker ) Trying to acquire (Worker ) Iteration 3: Acquired (LockHolder) Holding (Worker ) Trying to acquire (Worker ) Iteration 4: Not acquired (LockHolder) Not holding (Worker ) Trying to acquire (Worker ) Iteration 5: Acquired (Worker ) Done after 5 iterations
Verrouillage thread-safe
threading.RLock()
Renvoie un objet de verrouillage réentrant. Un verrou réentrant doit être libéré par le thread qui l'a acquis. Une fois qu'un thread acquiert un verrou réentrant, le même thread peut l'acquérir à nouveau sans blocage et doit être libéré après l'acquisition.
Habituellement, un thread ne peut acquérir le verrou qu'une seule fois :
import threading lock = threading.Lock() print 'First try :', lock.acquire() print 'Second try:', lock.acquire(0)
Résultat de l'exécution :
$ python threading_lock_reacquire.py
First try : True Second try: False
Utilisez RLock pour obtenir plusieurs verrous :
import threading lock = threading.RLock() print 'First try :', lock.acquire() print 'Second try:', lock.acquire(0)
Résultat de l'exécution :
python threading_rlock.py
First try : True Second try: 1
Regardons un autre exemple :
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# coding=utf-8
import threading
import time
class Box(object):
lock = threading.RLock()
def __init__(self):
self.total_items = 0
def execute(self,n):
Box.lock.acquire()
self.total_items += n
Box.lock.release()
def add(self):
Box.lock.acquire()
self.execute(1)
Box.lock.release()
def remove(self):
Box.lock.acquire()
self.execute(-1)
Box.lock.release()
## These two functions run n in separate
## threads and call the Box's methods
def adder(box,items):
while items > 0:
print ("adding 1 item in the box\n")
box.add()
time.sleep(5)
items -= 1
def remover(box,items):
while items > 0:
print ("removing 1 item in the box")
box.remove()
time.sleep(5)
items -= 1
## the main program build some
## threads and make sure it works
if __name__ == "__main__":
items = 5
print ("putting %s items in the box " % items)
box = Box()
t1 = threading.Thread(target=adder,args=(box,items))
t2 = threading.Thread(target=remover,args=(box,items))
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()
print ("%s items still remain in the box " % box.total_items)Résultat de l'exécution :
$ python3 threading_rlock2.py
putting 5 items in the box adding 1 item in the box removing 1 item in the box adding 1 item in the box removing 1 item in the box adding 1 item in the box removing 1 item in the box removing 1 item in the box adding 1 item in the box removing 1 item in the box adding 1 item in the box 0 items still remain in the box
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