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五步教你实现使用Nginx+uWSGI+Django方法部署Django程序

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Libérer: 2016-07-29 09:15:17
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Django的部署可以有很多方式,采用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比较常见的一种方式。在这种方式中,我们的通常做法是,将nginx作为服务器最前端,它将接收WEB的所有请求,统一管理请求。nginx把所有静态请求自己来处理(这是NGINX的强项)。然后,NGINX将所有非静态请求通过uwsgi传递给Django,由Django来进行处理,从而完成一次WEB请求。可见,uwsgi的作用就类似一个桥接器。起到桥梁的作用。

NOTE:不使用nginx,只使用uwsgi+django也是可以实现WEB服务的。uwsgi也可以直接处理WEB请求。

为了完成上述的方式部署,我将分成两篇文章来分别进行阐述。
  • 第一步先解决uwsgi与django的桥接。解决在没有nginx的情况下,如何使用uwsgi+DJANGO来实现一个简单的Web服务器

  • 第二步解决uwsgi与Nginx的桥接。通过nginx与uwsgi的桥接,打通nginx与django的连通,从而比较完美的实现django的部署。

  • 本文将分成五步来详细阐述uwsgi+django的部署方式。nginx+uwsgi+django的部署将在下一篇 文章中阐述。本文大纲:
  • 环境介绍
  • 安装uwsgi
  • 测试uwsgi
  • 配置django
  • 连接django和uwsgi,实现简单的Web服务器
  • 环境介绍

  • Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS
  • django 1.4.2
  • 安装uwsgi

    1.安装pip可以参考这篇文章:http://www.jsxubar.info/install-pip.html2.安装uwsgi
    <spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>$ <spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>export <spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>LDFLAGS<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>=<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>"-Xlinker --no-as-needed"<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>$ pip install uwsgi
    </spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino>
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    测试uwsgi

    在你的机器上写一个test.py
    # test.py
    def application(env, start_response):
        start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
        return "Hello World"
    
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    然后执行shell命令:
    uwsgi --http :8001 --wsgi-file test.py
    
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    访问网页:http://127.0.0.1:8001/看在网页上是否有Hello World

    配置django

    NOTE:

    请保证你的django项目是正常使用的。可以使用

    python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8002

    来测试一下你的django项目是否能正常跑起来。

    请保证你的django程序已经关闭。编写django_wsgi.py文件,将其放在与文件manage.py同一个目录下。

    注意: 编写文件时需要注意语句os.environ.setdefault。比如,如果你的项目为mysite,则你的语句应该是 os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")

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    <spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-style:italic>#!/usr/bin/env python<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-style:italic># coding: utf-8<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>import<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>os<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>import<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>sys<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-style:italic># 将系统的编码设置为UTF8<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>reload<spanpalatino linotype new roman>(<spanpalatino linotype new roman>sys<spanpalatino linotype new roman>)<spanpalatino linotype new roman>sys<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>.<spanpalatino linotype new roman>setdefaultencoding<spanpalatino linotype new roman>(<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>'utf8'<spanpalatino linotype new roman>)<spanpalatino linotype new roman>os<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>.<spanpalatino linotype new roman>environ<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>.<spanpalatino linotype new roman>setdefault<spanpalatino linotype new roman>(<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>"DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"<spanpalatino linotype new roman>,<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>"mysite.settings"<spanpalatino linotype new roman>)<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>from<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>django.core.handlers.wsgi<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>import<spanpalatino linotype new roman>WSGIHandler<spanpalatino linotype new roman>application<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>=<spanpalatino linotype new roman>WSGIHandler<spanpalatino linotype new roman>()</spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino>
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    连接django和uwsgi,实现简单的Web服务器

    我们假设你的Django项目的地址是/home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/mysite,然后,就可以执行以下命令:
    uwsgi --http :8000 --chdir /home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/mysite --module django_wsgi
    
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    这样,你就可以在浏览器中访问你的Django程序了。所有的请求都是经过uwsgi传递给Django程序的。

    最后:

    关于如何将uwsgi与Nginx连接,可以期待下篇文章 《五步教你实现使用Nginx+Uwsgi+Django方法部署Django程序(下)》最后面,请大家要支持Django中国社区哦,单靠一两个人是不行的,一起推广一下,让Django社区更有力量哈!更有人气哈!推广链接: http://django-china.cn/

    参考、解释及其它

  • wsgi: WSGI是一种Web服务器网关接口。它是一个Web服务器(如nginx)与应用服务器(如uWSGI服务器)通信的一种规范。

    关于WSGI协议看这里:WSGI

  • uWSGI: http://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html uWSGI是一个Web服务器,它实现了WSGI协议、uwsgi、http等协议。 Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是与uWSGI服务器进行交换。

  • uwsgi: uwsgi同WSGI一样是一种通信协议,而uWSGI是实现了uwsgi和WSGI两种协议的Web服务器

    uwsgi协议是一个uWSGI服务器自有的协议,它用于定义传输信息的类型(type of information),每一个uwsgi packet前4byte为传输信息类型描述,它与WSGI相比是两样东西。

    关于uwsgi协议看这里:The uwsgi protocol

  • 有了uWSGI为什么还需要nginx?

    nginx具备优秀的静态内容处理能力,然后将动态内容转发给uWSGI服务器,这样可以达到很好的客户端响应。

  • 参考文献:http://heipark.iteye.com/blog/1750970

  • 当然,单单只有uWSGI是不够的,在实际的部署环境中,Nginx是必不可少的工具。

    在本篇文章中,我将一直延用“N步法”的风格来阐述如何将uWSGI与Nginx做连接来部署Django程序。并在最后,会较为完整的阐述本社区的部署方法。本文大纲:
  • 环境介绍
  • 配置uWSGI
  • 配置Nginx
  • Nginx+uWSGI+Django的实现方式
  • 一些建议
  • 环境介绍

  • Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS
  • django 1.4.2
  • nginx/1.2.6
  • uWSGI 1.4.4
  • 关于uWSGI的安装可参见上一篇文章 上一篇文章《五步教你实现使用Nginx+uWSGI+Django方法部署Django程序(上)》我们假定你已经安装好Nginx了。

    配置uWSGI

    在上一篇文章《五步教你实现使用Nginx+uWSGI+Django方法部署Django程序(上)》中,我们是直接使用命令行来启动uWSGI,在实际部署环境中,我们常用的是配置文件的方式,而非命令行的方式。我的一般做法是用命令行来测试是否uWSGI安装成功,然后用配置文件来真正部署。另外,为了实现Nginx与uWSGI的连接,两者之间将采用soket来通讯方式。在本节中,我们将使用uWSGI配置文件的方式来改进uWSGI的启动方式。假定你的程序目录是 /home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/mysite我们将要让Nginx采用8077端口与uWSGI通讯,请确保此端口没有被其它程序采用。注意,请确定你在上一节《五步教你实现使用Nginx+uWSGI+Django方法部署Django程序(上)》中的django_wsgi.py文件已经存在了。新建一个XML文件:djangochina_socket.xml,将它放在 /home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/mysite 目录下:
    <spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold><uwsgi><spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold><socket>:8077<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold></spanpalatino></socket><spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold><chdir>/home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/mysite<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold></spanpalatino></chdir><spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold><module>django_wsgi<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold></spanpalatino></module><spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold><processes>4<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold></spanpalatino></processes><spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-style:italic><!-- 进程数 --><spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold><daemonize>uwsgi.log<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold></spanpalatino></daemonize><spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></spanpalatino></uwsgi></spanpalatino>
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    在上面的配置中,我们使用 uwsgi.log 来记录日志,开启4个进程来处理请求。这样,我们就配置好uWSGI了。

    配置Nginx

    我们假设你将会把Nginx程序日志放到你的目录/home/work/var/test/logs/下,请确保该目录存在。我们假设你的Django的static目录是/home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/collectedstatic/ , media目录是/home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/public/media/,请确保这些目录存在。我们假设你的域名是 www.you.com (在调试时你可以设置成你的机器IP)我们假设你的域名端口是 80(在调试时你可以设置一些特殊端口如 8070)基于上面的假设,我们为conf/nginx.conf添加以下配置
    <spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb font-weight:bold>server<spanpalatino linotype new roman>{<spanpalatino linotype new roman>listen<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>80<spanpalatino linotype new roman>;<spanpalatino linotype new roman>server_name<spanpalatino linotype new roman>www<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>.<spanpalatino linotype new roman>you<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>.<spanpalatino linotype new roman>com<spanpalatino linotype new roman>;<spanpalatino linotype new roman>access_log<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>/<spanpalatino linotype new roman>home<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>/<spanpalatino linotype new roman>work<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>/<spanpalatino linotype new roman>var<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>/<spanpalatino linotype new roman>test<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>/<spanpalatino linotype new roman>logs<spanpalatino linotype new roman color:rgb>/<spanpalatino 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    在上面的设置后,可以让Nginx来处理静态文件(/static/ 和 /media/ )。非静态文件请求Nginx会发给 socket 8077,然后让uWSGI来进行处理。

    Nginx+uWSGI+Django的实现方式

    在完成上面配置后,需要按以下步骤来做:
  • 重启Nginx服务器,以使Nginx的配置生效。

    nginx -s  reload
    
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    重启后检查Nginx日志是否有异常。

  • 启动uWSGI服务器

    cd /home/work/src/sites/testdjango1/testdjango/mysite
    
    uwsgi -x djangochina_socket.xml
    
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    检查日志 uwsgi.log 是否有异常发现。

  • 访问服务

    基于上面的假设你的域名是www.you.com

    因此,我们访问 www.you.com,如果发现程序与 单独使用Django启动的程序一模一样时,就说明成功啦!

  • 关闭服务的方法

    将uWSGi进程杀死即可。

  • 一些建议

  • uWSG配置文件的进程数,可以根据实际情况分配。不要开得太大,否则机器可能会内存耗用太高。一般来说,对于一个小社区来说,4个进程已经足够了。

  • 一般情况下,可以编写一下 stop.sh 脚本 来关闭uWSGI。

  • 以上就介绍了五步教你实现使用Nginx+uWSGI+Django方法部署Django程序,包括了方面的内容,希望对PHP教程有兴趣的朋友有所帮助。

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