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class UserRegistration {
    public function register(array $data): void {
        // Validate all inputs immediately
        $this->validateEmail($data['email']);
        $this->validatePassword($data['password']);
        $this->validateAge($data['age']);

        // Only proceed if all validations pass
        $this->createUser($data);
    }

    private function validateEmail(string $email): void {
        if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
            throw new ValidationException('Invalid email format');
        }
        if ($this->emailExists($email)) {
            throw new DuplicateEmailException('Email already registered');
        }
    }
}

class AppConfig {
    private array $config;

    public function __construct(string $configPath) {
        if (!file_exists($configPath)) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Config file not found: $configPath");
        }

        $config = parse_ini_file($configPath, true);
        if ($config === false) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Invalid config file format");
        }

        $this->validateRequiredSettings($config);
        $this->config = $config;
    }

    private function validateRequiredSettings(array $config): void {
        $required = ['database', 'api_key', 'environment'];
        foreach ($required as $key) {
            if (!isset($config[$key])) {
                throw new ConfigurationException("Missing required config: $key");
            }
        }
    }
}

class DatabaseConnection {
    private PDO $connection;

    public function __construct(array $config) {
        try {
            $this->validateDatabaseConfig($config);
            $this->connection = new PDO(
                $this->buildDsn($config),
                $config['username'],
                $config['password'],
                [PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION]
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new DatabaseConnectionException(
                "Failed to connect to database: " . $e->getMessage()
            );
        }
    }

    private function validateDatabaseConfig(array $config): void {
        $required = ['host', 'port', 'database', 'username', 'password'];
        foreach ($required as $param) {
            if (!isset($config[$param])) {
                throw new DatabaseConfigException("Missing $param in database config");
            }
        }
    }
}

class PaymentGateway {
    public function processPayment(Order $order): PaymentResult {
        // Validate API credentials
        if (!$this->validateApiCredentials()) {
            throw new ApiConfigurationException('Invalid API credentials');
        }

        // Validate order before external call
        if (!$order->isValid()) {
            throw new InvalidOrderException('Invalid order state');
        }

        try {
            $response = $this->apiClient->charge($order);

            if (!$response->isSuccessful()) {
                throw new PaymentFailedException($response->getError());
            }

            return new PaymentResult($response);
        } catch (ApiException $e) {
            throw new PaymentProcessingException(
                "Payment processing failed: " . $e->getMessage()
            );
        }
    }
}

class DataProcessor {
    public function processBatch(array $records): array {
        $this->validateBatchSize($records);

        $results = [];
        foreach ($records as $index => $record) {
            try {
                $this->validateRecord($record);
                $results[] = $this->processRecord($record);
            } catch (ValidationException $e) {
                throw new BatchProcessingException(
                    "Failed at record $index: " . $e->getMessage()
                );
            }
        }

        return $results;
    }

    private function validateBatchSize(array $records): void {
        if (empty($records)) {
            throw new EmptyBatchException('Empty batch provided');
        }

        if (count($records) > 1000) {
            throw new BatchSizeException('Batch size exceeds maximum limit');
        }
    }
}