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Develop mobile-friendly drop-down menus

PHPz
Release: 2023-09-04 09:25:06
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This tutorial will teach you how to create and animate a hamburger menu icon, and then attach an event listener via jQuery to trigger the dropdown menu.

I will be using Jade (Pug) and Sass instead of plain HTML and CSS. So you should have at least a basic understanding of these template engines.

Create a playground

We will start by implementing a simple playground. I will only provide the Jade template along with the Sass styles as that is outside the scope of this tutorial. You can accept it and use it, or come up with your own design.

Jade File:

body
    #container
        #header
        #body
            .content
                .left
                .right
                    - for (i=1; i <= 5 ; i++ )
                        div( id="text" + i )
            .content
                .left
                .right
                    - for (j=6; j <= 10 ; j++ )
                        div( id="text" + j )
            .content
                .left
                .right
                    - for (k=11; k <= 15 ; k++ )
                        div( id="text" + k )
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Sass File:

=flex()
  display: -webkit-box
  display: -moz-box
  display: -ms-flexbox
  display: -webkit-flex
  display: flex
  
=transition($time)
  -webkit-transition: all $time ease
  -moz-transition: all $time ease
  -ms-transition: all $time ease
  -o-transition: all $time ease
  transition: all $time ease

html, body
  margin: 0
  padding: 20px 0
  +flex()
  justify-content: center

//----------------------------------//

#container
  width: 320px
  height: 550px
  background-color: #ebebeb
  overflow: hidden

#header
  height: 45px
  background-color: #9b9b9b
  position: relative


#body
  padding: 0 20px
  padding-top: 40px
  +flex()

  flex-direction: column
  justify-content: flex-start

.content
  +flex()

  flex-direction: row
  justify-content: flex-start
  margin-bottom: 25px


  .left
    width: 100px
    height: 100px
    margin-right: 15px
    background-color: #e1e1e1

  .right
    @for $i from 1 through 15
      #text#{$i}
        margin-top: 10px
        width: 50 + random(100) + px
        height: 10px
        background-color: #e1e1e1
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Note: Here I have created two mixins named flex and transition. Mixins make it easier to reuse certain CSS rules by grouping them together. Whenever I need to add display:flex and all the vendor prefixes, I can use flex() instead, thanks to the mixin.

We will use this structure and build on it for the rest of this tutorial.

The final result should look like this:

Develop mobile-friendly drop-down menus

View current code

Hamburger menu icon

Now it’s time to create a simple but attractive hamburger menu and animate it via CSS.

Add a new div inside #header and name it #hamburger. Then create two child divs inside #hamburger. They should have a common class and personal ID.

#hamburger
    .strip#top
    .strip#bottom
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Now we need to use the generic class .strip to style the parent #hamburger div and the child div.

#hamburger
  height: 100%
  width: 45
  +flex()

  flex-direction: column
  justify-content: space-between
  padding-left: 20px
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We set the height of the div to the height of its parent div, which is #header, by defining Height: 100%. Additionally, we set a width value for this parent div, which will define its "clickable" area.

Next, we add Flexbox with all vendor prefixes using the mixin we created earlier.

Since we want the .strip div to be positioned vertically, we set flex-direction: column and then use justify-content: space- Between so that in .strip Add spaces between divs.

We then need to push these divs towards each other by adding bottom and top padding to their respective divs.

#top
  margin-top: 17px
  
#bottom
  margin-bottom: 17px
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We also added padding-left: 20px to move the .strip div further to the right.

The next step is to style the strip. It's relatively simple to just define the size and color of the div.

.strip
  width: 25px
  height: 2px
  background-color: #ffffff
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The final result with the hamburger menu icon should look like this:

Develop mobile-friendly drop-down menus

The next step is to animate the menu icon so that when it is clicked, it should animate into a cross symbol. < /p>

Hamburger menu icon animation

At this point, we'll use basic jQuery to toggle some CSS classes.

Let's first create the CSS class we want to toggle.

We will make use of CSS's transform property and the transition property's translation and rotation settings.

First, add transitions to the #top and #bottom divs using mixins with specific timing parameters.

#top
  margin-top: 17px
  +transition(.25s)

#bottom
  margin-bottom: 17px
  +transition(.25s)
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Now we need to define the style of the class to be switched.

We will rotate and translate each .strip div individually, so we need to switch different classes for the #top and # bottom divs.

#top
  margin-top: 17px
  +transition(.25s)

  &.topRotate
    transform-origin: center
    transform: translateY(4px) rotateZ(45deg)

#bottom
  margin-bottom: 17px
  +transition(.25s)

  &.bottomRotate
    transform-origin: center
    transform: translateY(-5px) rotateZ(-45deg)
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Here we define two different classes of styles named .bottomRotate and .topRotate which will be added to or removed from their respective reference divs, #top and #bottom.

Please note that different sizes of the .strip class will result in different translateY and rotateZ values ​​being required in order to animate the correct cross sign.

Use jQuery for class switching

We define how each .strip div is animated when the topRotate and bottomRotate classes exist. However, we haven't attached an event listener to toggle these classes.

创建一个新的 JavaScript 文件,并使用以下代码将 topRotatebottomRotate 类切换到带有 #top#bottom 分别是 ID。

$(document).ready(function(){
  $("#hamburger").click(function(){
      $("#top").toggleClass("topRotate");
      $("#bottom").toggleClass("bottomRotate");
  });
})
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我们将所有代码放入 $(document).ready(function(){}) 中,以便在采取任何操作之前等待整个页面加载。

当我们点击 #hamburger div 时,它将切换具有特定 ID 的 div 的类。

注意:不要忘记将 jQuery 源文件添加到您的项目中。

查看当前代码

创建菜单列表

下一步是创建一个包含列表项的菜单。

#header 下使用以下结构:

#dropDown
    #background
    ul
        li Home
        li Blog
        li Projects
        li Authors
        li Jobs
        li Contact
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因此,我们在这里使用 ul 标签作为父标签,以便将 li 标签作为子标签的项目分组。此外,为了创建展开的背景动画,我们还添加了一个 ID 为 #background 的 div。

让我们首先设置 ulli 元素的样式。

ul
  list-style: none
  padding: 0
  margin: 0
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list-style 设置为 none,以便从 ul 元素中删除项目符号,并同时设置 paddingmargin 为 0,以便删除所有预定义值。

现在设置 li 元素的样式:

li
    //display: none
    background-color: #9b9b9b
    color: #ffffff

    font-family: 'Quicksand', sans-serif
    font-weight: lighter
    font-size: 15px
    padding: 20px
    padding-left: 60px

    &:after
      position: absolute
      content: ''
      left: 60px
      width: 60%
      height: 1px
      bottom: 4px
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25)

    &:last-child:after
      width: 0
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这里我注释掉了 display:none 以便能够看到结果。但是,在制作动画时,我们最初将使用它来隐藏列表元素。

我还添加了 after 伪元素并相应地设置了样式,以便用直线分隔每个 li 元素。 :last-child:after 删除最后一个 li 元素的这一行。

查看当前代码

动画菜单列表

现在我们将使用一些 Sass 控制指令,以便向每个 li 元素添加具有不同属性的 CSS 关键帧动画。

@keyframes drop
  0%
    opacity: 0
    transform: scale(1.3)

  100%
    opacity: 1
    transform: scale(1)
    
@keyframes fold
  0%
    opacity: 1
    transform: scale(1)

  100%
    opacity: 0
    transform: scale(0.7)
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在这里,我们定义了关键帧动画 dropfold

drop 用于动画打开菜单列表。初始缩放比例增加了 30%,随着透明度从 0 变为 1,它会缩小到原始大小。相反的操作发生在 fold 中。

现在我们需要将这些关键帧附加到 li 元素。这部分就是 Sass 派上用场的地方。

@for $i from 1 through 6
  li:nth-child(#{$i})
    animation:
      name: fold
      duration: 80ms*(6-$i) + 1ms
      timing-function: ease-in-out
      fill-mode: forwards

  li.anim:nth-child(#{$i})
    animation:
      name: drop
      duration: 100ms*$i
      timing-function: ease-in-out
      fill-mode: forwards
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这里我使用了一个从 1 到 6 的 for 循环,索引为 $i

现在我们需要使用此索引将每个动画附加到具有不同持续时间的 li 元素。

首先,考虑 li.anim:nth-child(#{$i}) 行。

在这里,我们获取 li 元素的 $i 子元素,其类为 anim

我们将切换此 anim 类。因此,当将其添加到 li 元素时,名称为 drop 的关键帧动画将采取行动。删除后,fold 动画将采取行动。

下一个重要的事情是 duration 属性。

持续时间:100ms*$i drop 动画会延长每个递增子编号的动画持续时间。因此,编译此代码时,第一个 li 子级将具有 duration: 100ms,最后一个子级将具有 duration: 600ms。< /p>

这会给人一种依次为每个元素添加动画的感觉。

我们对 fold 动画执行相同的操作。这次,最后一个元素的动画应该更快,因此 持续时间:80ms*(6-$i) + 1ms。持续时间增加 1ms 是因为当你将持续时间设置为 0 时,可能会出现一些问题,并且你的动画可能无法正常工作。

当我们设计 li 元素样式时,我提到我们需要使用 display:none 以避免意外的动画播放。如果您不将其设置为 none,您将看到 fold 动画在页面加载时播放一次。

如果我们将 display 属性设置为 none,我们将看不到该内容,然后我们需要显示 li 元素,然后切换 anim 类。

我们希望在单击汉堡包图标时播放动画。因此,让我们使用一些 jQuery 将每个 li 项的 display 属性设置为 block 并切换 anim 类.

$(document).ready(function(){
  $("#hamburger").click(function(){
      $("#top").toggleClass("topRotate");
      $("#bottom").toggleClass("bottomRotate");

      $("li").show();
      $("li").toggleClass("anim");

  });
})
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查看当前代码

您会注意到,我们可以单独看到每个 li 元素的动画。然而,我们宁愿有一种扩展菜单的感觉。

为了解决这个问题,我们只需扩展 div 的高度即可。该 div 是 #background,我们最初是在创建 ulli 元素时添加的。

#background
  width: 100%
  height: 0
  background-color: #9b9b9b
  position: absolute
  +transition(.45s)

  &.expand
    height: 550px
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我们将切换 expand 类,以便将 height 属性设置为 550px 内的 .45s 。请注意,我使用 transition mixin 来定义具有特定时间参数的转换。

最终结果

结论

在本教程中,我们练习了如何通过 Jade 和 Sass 模板引擎在 HTML 和 CSS 中使用 for 循环。最重要的是,我们创建了 CSS 关键帧动画,并将它们与不同的持续时间属性附加到特定的 HTML 元素。然后我们使用 jQuery 切换类来控制这些动画。

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