Operation and Maintenance
Linux Operation and Maintenance
Commonly used Linux system backup and recovery commands
Commonly used Linux system backup and recovery commands
cd / #tar.gz格式 tar cvpzf system_backup.tar.gz / --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/system_backup.tar.gz --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys #tar.bz2格式 tar cvpjf system_backup.tar.bz2 / --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/system_backup.tar.bz2 --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys # 恢复系统 cd / #上传文件到根目录下 tar xvpfz system_backup.tar.gz -C / 或 tar xvpfj system_backup.tar.bz2 -C / #创建备份时排除的目录 mkdir proc mkdir lost+found mkdir mnt mkdir sys
/proc Permissions: File Owner: root Group: root Owner: Read Execution Group: Read Execution Other: Read Execution /lost found Permissions: File Owner: root Group: root Owner: Read Write Execution Group: Read Execute Others: Read Execute /mnt Permissions: File Owner: root Group: root Owner: Read Write Execution Group: Read Execute Others: Read Execute /sys 权限：文件所有者：root群组：root 所有者：读取 写入 执行 群组：读取 执行 其它：读取 执行
搜索公众号Linux中文社区后台回复“私房菜”，获取一份惊喜礼包。
恢复完成重启以后，所以的事情都会和你备份的时候一模一样。
镜像（本机备份系统，还原到新主机上）
1,检查系统版本，在目标机上安装一样版本的系统(最简安装即可),分区格式，类型也一样（我没试过不一样的情况，不知道能否成功）
lsb_release -a uname -a df -Th free -h
2，备份源系统
# 因为目标机和源主机硬件配置不同，所以排除dev，tmp；再适当增加你要排除的文件，如：--exclude=/root/*.bz2 # 这里再mnt下有充足空间，所以保存到mnt下。 cd / tar cvpzf /mnt/system_backup.tar.gz / --exclude=/mnt/system_backup.tar.gz \ --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys --exclude=/dev \ --exclude=/tmp --exclude=/media # 上传到目标主机 scp /mnt/system_backup.tar.gz root@192.168.0.166:/mnt
3,在目标机上用ISO、LiveCD等启动，挂载磁盘（一般会自动挂载到/media文件夹）
sudo -s cd /media/<对应的uuid号> # 备份重要配置文件/boot/gurb/gurb.cfg /etc/fstab 记录里面的UUID， # 删除重复文件 # 除了上面备份系统时排除的一些文件夹外，比如说dev mnt media sys这些文件夹，其他全部删除。 rm -rf root home usr lib lib64 etc var bin sbin opt boot run selinux vmlinuz initrd.img # 还原备份 mount /dev/vda1 /mnt/1 # 这里注意千万不要写/目录，会把现有的系统搞挂！！！应该是挂载的目录 tar xvpfz system_backup.tar.gz -C /mnt/1 cd /mnt/1 #此时你可以看到根目录的结构，但是编辑fstab文件发现是现有系统的fstab chroot ./ #执行chroot后会以./目录为根目录，这时编辑的文件就是真正的目标源文件了。
还原后修改/etc/fstab里的UUID为刚刚备份的文件里面的信息，注意分区格式也要对应。
修改/boot/gurb/gurb.cfg里的UUID为刚刚备份的文件里面的信息。修改网卡、IP配置文件，以防无法分配IP。（如果是虚拟机记得添加网卡，配置中等性能的显卡）
如果有依赖于原有平台的服务，如内建NTP，Agent等监控程序；关闭服务，关闭开机自启；
Ubuntu：在命令行输入runleve可以查看当前运行级别，一般默认是2
查看/etc/rc2.d目录中的S开头的服务都是会开机自动运行的；里面是软链接，想添加的话自己建一个链接文件就可以，S代表start，后面数字是启动顺序，删除软链接。同时删除/etc/init.d/下对应的脚本。
vim /etc/init.d/rc.local Centos:用systemctl
完成上述步骤后
exit #退出chroot cd ~ umount /mnt/1 # 一切完成后就可以重启了，不出意外就正常启动系统了（启动后原来安装系统时设置的账户等全部消失；账户和源主机一致）。 若开机Grub提示“boot error 15 :Error 15 file not found” 解决方法：请检查GRUB相关文件的内核文件所在位置。通常与/boot分区有关。 若开机Grub提示“dracut:dono't how to hand root=f078” 解决方法：将root=UUID改成root=/dev/sdaX这种格式。 若开机系统提示/usr/libexec/gconf-sanity-check-2退出状态256的解决 解决方法：chmod 777 /tmp
rsync命令
注意目标分区的格式最好是NTFS、FAT、EXT之类的格式，避免遇到大于4G的文件无法备份的问题。
#最好有其他分区或外接存储设备，挂载好，df -lh看挂载点。 #备份 rsync -Pa / /media/usb/backup_20170410 --exclude=/media/* --exclude=/sys/* --exclude=/proc/* --exclude=/mnt/* --exclude=/tmp/* #恢复 rsync -Pa /media/usb/backup_20170410 /
dd命令
dd命令属于扇区克隆，目标分区要比备份分区要大，即使没有使用的空间也会被原样克隆下来，会比较慢。
#备份 df -h #查看系统所在分区 dd if=/dev/sda1 of=/dev/sdb3 #备份sda1到sdb3中 #恢复 dd if=/dev/sdb3 of=/dev/sda1 #恢复sdb3到sdb1中
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